姜黄素生物活性的研究现状

Research Progress on Biological Activities of Curcumin

摘要: 姜黄素是来源于姜黄根茎的天然多酚类活性物质，兼具食品着色与多种生物活性功能，在生物医学领域具有重要研究价值。本文系统梳理了姜黄素的抗衰老、免疫调节、抗氧化及抗炎等核心生物学特性，总结其调控衰老相关信号通路、平衡免疫因子、清除自由基、介导NF-κB、MAPK、JAK/STAT等炎症通路的作用机制；同时综述姜黄素在糖尿病、高血压及乳腺癌、肺癌、血液系统肿瘤、胃癌、胰腺癌等多种疾病中的应用效果与分子作用靶点，阐明其可通过调控微小RNA、关键转录因子及凋亡相关通路，发挥防病与辅助治疗作用。目前姜黄素存在水溶性差、生物利用度低、临床剂量不明确、制剂与临床试验体系不完善等短板，未来需优化递送载体与制剂工艺，开展大样本临床试验，明确安全有效给药剂量与作用机制，推动姜黄素从基础研究走向临床转化应用。

Abstract: Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic active ingredient extracted from turmeric rhizome. It has both food coloring function and multiple pharmacological activities, showing broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and tumors. Its biological activities are mainly reflected in anti-aging, immunomodulation, antioxidation and anti-inflammation. It participates in physiological and pathological processes by regulating aging-related signaling pathways, scavenging free radicals, modulating dendritic cell functions, and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK and JAK/STAT. Existing studies have confirmed that curcumin exerts intervention effects on diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, lung cancer, hematological malignancies, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer and other diseases. It can target and regulate key molecules and pathways such as microRNAs, KRAS and Akt, inhibit the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and enhance the chemosensitivity of chemotherapeutic drugs. However, curcumin is restricted in clinical transformation due to poor water solubility, low bioavailability, undefined clinical effective dosage and imperfect preparation evaluation system. Future research should focus on carrier modification and nano-preparation development, conduct standardized clinical trials, clarify medication regimens and action mechanisms, so as to provide theoretical basis for the popularization and application of curcumin in biomedicine and clinical adjuvant therapy.