马克思恩格斯历史科学的方法论构建——基于《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》与《德意志意识形态》的考察

The Methodological Construction of Marx and Engels’ Historical Science—An Examination Based on Theses on Feuerbach and The German Ideology

摘要: 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》与《德意志意识形态》两篇著作，标志着马克思、恩格斯历史科学方法论的构建。《提纲》以“实践”为核心，完成了历史科学的本体论奠基，为历史科学提供了哲学宣言；《形态》则以系统的历史分析，将这一宣言展开为具体的方法论体系。马克思、恩格斯创立的历史科学，在自然与历史的辩证关系中，以“感性活动”扬弃唯心主义与直观唯物主义的二元对立论，确立历史科学的现实起点；在分工与所有制的辩证关系中，揭示生产力与交往形式的矛盾运动，把握历史发展的内在规律；在民族性与世界性的辩证关系中，以世界历史的视野分析了共产主义的历史定位与无产阶级的历史使命。马克思、恩格斯的历史科学不仅实现了对历史理解的科学化，更奠定了哲学社会科学研究以实践为根基、以批判为方法、以改变世界为指向的总体范式。

Abstract: Theses on Feuerbach and The German Ideology mark the construction of the methodological foundation of Marx and Engels’ historical science. Centering on “practice”, Theses on Feuerbach completes the ontological grounding of historical science, providing a philosophical manifesto for it. The German Ideology, through systematic historical analysis, unfolds this manifesto into a concrete methodological system. The historical science founded by Marx and Engels, within the dialectical relationship between nature and history, sublates the dualistic opposition between idealism and intuitive materialism by means of “sensuous activity”, thereby establishing “historical nature” as the real starting point. Within the dialectical relationship between the division of labor and forms of ownership, it reveals the contradictory movement between productive forces and forms of intercourse, grasping the immanent laws of historical development. Within the dialectical relationship between nationality and world-historical existence, it analyzes the historical position of communism and the historical mission of the proletariat from the perspective of world history. Marx and Engels’ historical science not only achieves a scientific understanding of history but also lays down the general paradigm for philosophical and social scientific research, which takes practice as its foundation, critique as its method, and the changing of the world as its aim.