油橄榄中天然产物综述

A Review of Natural Products in Olea europaea L.

摘要: 油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)为木犀科木犀榄属常绿植物，兼具经济与医药价值，在我国主要分布于甘肃陇南、四川西昌、云南等地区。油橄榄种植规模大，但叶片等副产物资源化利用程度低，造成资源浪费与生态压力。研究表明，油橄榄叶乙醇提取物具有降血压、降血糖、抗炎抗菌、抗氧化、神经保护等多种药理活性。木犀榄属植物富含裂环烯醚萜类、黄酮类、木脂素类、五环三萜类等特征性次生代谢产物，同时含有酚酸、苯乙醇苷、植物甾醇等多种成分，其活性成分是发挥多种药理作用的物质基础。本文系统综述木犀榄属植物的化学成分类型及抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、降糖、心血管保护、神经保护、抗肿瘤等药理活性研究进展，分析当前研究存在的不足，旨在为油橄榄叶的深度开发、副产物资源化利用及活性天然产物研究提供理论依据。

Abstract: Olea europaea L. is an evergreen plant belonging to the genus Olea in the family Oleaceae, with both economic and medicinal values. In China, it is mainly distributed in Longnan of Gansu, Xichang of Sichuan, Yunnan and other regions. Although olive is widely cultivated, the utilization rate of its by-products such as leaves is low, resulting in resource waste and ecological pressure. Studies have confirmed that the ethanol extract of olive leaves possesses a variety of pharmacological activities, including antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Plants of the genus Olea are rich in characteristic secondary metabolites such as secoiridoids, flavonoids, lignans and pentacyclic triterpenoids, as well as various components including phenolic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides and phytosterols, which are the material basis for its various pharmacological effects. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the chemical component types and pharmacological activities of the genus Olea, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective and antitumor activities, and analyzes the deficiencies in current research, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth development of olive leaves, resource utilization of by-products and research on active natural products.