俄汉并列连接词的语言普遍性特征：类型学对比分析

Universal Features of Russian and Chinese Coordinating Conjunctions: A Typological Comparison Analysis

摘要: 本文从语言类型学视角出发，对俄语与汉语中作为表达并列关系核心手段的并列连接词进行对比研究。研究以两种类型差异显著且谱系无关的语言为对象，综合运用对比分析与功能–语义分析方法，在跨语言并列结构研究、“and-language/with-language”类型划分以及汉语“和”字结构研究的基础上，重点考察俄汉两种语言在并列关系功能编码上的对应性及其所体现的类型学倾向。研究发现，尽管俄汉两种语言在形式分布、句法实现方式、语义边界及并列–伴随关系的形式切分上存在差异，但其在表达连接、选择、对照–转折、递进、说明与附加等基本逻辑关系方面呈现出较为稳定的功能对应性。其中，汉语更倾向于通过同一组形式容纳并列、共同参与和伴随等相邻功能，俄语则更倾向于通过并列连接词与伴随性介词的形式对立加以区分。上述现象表明，俄汉并列连接词所体现的语言普遍性主要表现为功能域层面的共性，而非形式系统或范畴划分上的同构，并可为并列关系表达的类型学研究提供新的对比证据。

Abstract: From the perspective of linguistic typology, this study conducts a comparative analysis of coordinating conjunctions in Russian and Chinese, which serve as important means of expressing coordinative relations in the two languages. Taking two typologically distinct and genetically unrelated languages as its objects of investigation, the study integrates contrastive analysis with functional-semantic analysis. Drawing on cross-linguistic studies of coordination, the typological distinction between and-languages and with-languages, and recent research on the Chinese conjunction he, it focuses on the functional correspondences in the encoding of coordinative relations in Russian and Chinese and the typological tendencies reflected in such correspondences. The findings show that although the two languages differ in formal distribution, syntactic realization, semantic boundaries, and the formal division between coordination and comitative relations, they display relatively stable functional correspondences in expressing basic logical relations, such as conjunction, disjunction, contrast, gradation, explanation, and addition. Chinese tends to allow one set of forms to cover adjacent functions such as coordination, joint participation, and comitative meaning, whereas Russian more clearly distinguishes coordinating conjunctions from comitative prepositions. These observations suggest that the universal features of Russian and Chinese coordinating conjunctions are manifested primarily at the level of functional domains rather than in formal isomorphism or identical categorical systems, thus providing new comparative evidence for the typological study of coordinative relations.