高寒地区冻土地基稳定性研究综述

Review of Research on the Stability of Frozen Ground Foundations in Cold Regions

摘要: 高寒地区冻土环境极为脆弱，多年冻土与季节性冻土广泛发育，冻土地基的热稳定性与力学稳定性，是寒区交通、水利、房建等基础设施建设与长期安全运营的核心控制难题。受全球气候变暖加剧、工程开挖填筑、地表植被破坏等人为扰动叠加影响，原有冻土热平衡体系被打破，活动层厚度增大、地下冰持续消融、冻融循环作用加剧，进而引发冻胀隆起、融沉塌陷、路基开裂、不均匀沉降、热融滑塌、翻浆冒泥等典型地基病害，大幅降低结构服役年限，增加后期运维与养护成本。本文以高寒冻土地基稳定性为核心主线，围绕冻土水–热–力多场耦合作用机理、路基长期变形预测方法、主动–被动协同温控技术、冻土复合地基加固机理四大模块，系统梳理国内外研究成果，搭配机制示意图、病害示意图、技术原理图、对比表格与研究演进时间轴辅助分析，全面对比各类理论、方法与工程技术的适用条件、优势缺陷。总结现阶段研究存在的理论模型理想化、技术应用单一化、规范体系滞后化等突出问题，结合寒区重大工程建设与气候变化背景，展望未来研究重点与发展趋势。研究旨在系统阐明高寒冻土地基失稳内在机制，完善冻土地基病害防控与加固技术体系，为高原及高纬度寒区工程设计、施工运维、灾害防治提供理论支撑与工程参考。

Abstract: Permafrost environments in alpine cold regions are extremely fragile, with widespread development of permafrost and seasonally frozen ground. The thermal and mechanical stability of frozen soil foundations constitutes a core restrictive challenge for the construction and long-term safe operation of infrastructure such as transportation, water conservancy and building engineering in cold regions. Compound impacts from intensified global warming, engineering excavation and filling, surface vegetation destruction and other human disturbances disrupt the original thermal equilibrium system of frozen ground. This results in thickening of the active layer, continuous thawing of underground ice, and intensified freeze-thaw cycling effects, which further trigger typical foundation defects including frost heave and uplift, thaw settlement and collapse, subgrade cracking, differential settlement, thermokarst slumping, and mud pumping. Such defects drastically shorten the service life of structures and raise subsequent operation, maintenance and repair costs. Taking the stability of alpine frozen soil foundations as the central theme, this paper systematically reviews domestic and international research findings around four core modules: the coupled hydro-thermal-mechanical multi-field interaction mechanism of frozen ground, long-term deformation prediction methods for subgrades, coordinated active-passive temperature control technologies, and reinforcement mechanisms of composite frozen soil foundations. Mechanism diagrams, defect schematic drawings, technical principle schematics, comparative tables and research evolution timelines are incorporated to assist analysis. The applicable conditions, advantages and limitations of various theories, methodologies and engineering technologies are comprehensively compared. Prominent drawbacks in current research are summarized, including oversimplified theoretical models, narrow and isolated technical applications, and lagging standard specification systems. Against the backdrop of major cold-region engineering construction and climate change, key priorities and development trends for future research are prospected. This study aims to systematically elaborate the intrinsic instability mechanisms of alpine frozen soil foundations, improve the technical system for the prevention, control and reinforcement of frozen soil foundation defects, and provide theoretical support and engineering references for the design, construction, operation, maintenance and disaster prevention of projects on plateaus and high-latitude cold regions.