人口老龄化对家庭结构的影响研究

Research on the Impact of Population Aging on Family Structure

摘要: 人口老龄化是当代中国社会面临的重大结构性挑战，其对家庭形态与法律制度的深远影响已引发广泛的学术关注。本文在福利国家理论与家庭政策理论的双重框架下，引入“家国协同”这一核心分析概念——即通过国家的政策性介入与家庭私域责任的有效联动，共同应对老龄化冲击——从人口学与法学的交叉视角，系统考察老龄化进程中家庭规模的小型化、代际居住的分离化以及家庭养老功能的持续弱化等结构性变迁，并深入分析上述变迁对现行《老年人权益保障法》《民法典》等法律实施所造成的制度压力与适应困境。研究表明，老龄化的加速叠加生育率持续下行，从根本上侵蚀了传统家庭养老的人口基础，使家庭赡养义务的履行面临愈发严峻的现实障碍；区域性老龄化差异进一步加剧了养老资源的配置失衡，单纯依赖家庭的法律义务设计已难以有效应对这一系统性风险。为此，本文结合德国、日本、北欧等国的比较经验，提出应以“家国协同”为政策与立法理念，从完善家庭支持政策、建立长期护理保险强制性制度、优化赡养义务司法执行机制等多维路径入手，构建国家支持与家庭责任相互强化的综合应对机制。

Abstract: Population aging constitutes a major structural challenge in contemporary Chinese society, with profound implications for family organization and legal institutions. Grounded in welfare state theory and family policy theory, this paper introduces “state-family collaboration” as its core analytical concept—referring to the coordinated interaction between state policy intervention and familial private responsibility in addressing the aging crisis. Drawing on an interdisciplinary perspective integrating demography and law, the paper systematically examines structural transformations including family miniaturization, intergenerational residential separation, and the weakening of family-based elder care. It further analyzes the institutional pressures and adaptive dilemmas these transformations impose on existing legislation, particularly the Law on Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly and the Civil Code. The study finds that accelerating aging, compounded by persistently declining fertility rates, has fundamentally eroded the demographic foundations of traditional family-based elder care, rendering the fulfillment of family support obligations increasingly difficult in practice. Regional disparities in aging further exacerbate imbalances in eldercare resource allocation, making a purely family-reliant legal framework inadequate to address these systemic risks. Drawing on comparative experiences from Germany, Japan, and Nordic countries, this paper proposes building a “state-family collaboration” mechanism through multiple pathways—improving family support policies, establishing a mandatory long-term care insurance system, and optimizing judicial enforcement of family support obligations—so as to create a mutually reinforcing institutional framework of state support and family responsibility.