积极老龄化视域下超龄劳动者权益保护的困境与制度重构

The Predicament and Institutional Reconstruction of the Rights and Interests Protection of Over-Aged Workers from the Perspective of Active Aging

摘要: 在人口老龄化进程加速，特别是“未富先老”、“未备先老”的国情背景下，超龄劳动者再就业已成为普遍现象，但其劳动权益保护却陷入制度性困境，严重制约积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的落地实施。以社会冲突理论与代际公平理论为核心分析工具，系统剖析超龄劳动者权益保护面临的法律定性模糊、社会保险制度性排斥、刚性退休制度滞后等多重现实困境，揭示困境背后超龄劳动者生存发展权益、用人单位经营利益、适龄劳动者就业机会与政府财政可持续性四方利益失衡的深层根源。为此，应突破传统“全有或全无”的二元保护模式，构建以“特殊劳动关系”为法律定位、以工伤保险单险种参保与弹性退休制度为核心突破、以消除年龄歧视和强化政府责任为环境支撑的系统性制度体系，最终实现超龄劳动者权益的“适度保护”与多方利益的平衡，为我国积极老龄化的法治保障提供理论参考与方案支撑。

Abstract: Against China’s accelerating population aging characterized by “aging before affluence” and “aging before adequate preparation”, re-employment of over-age workers has become prevalent, yet their labor rights protection faces institutional dilemmas that severely constrain the implementation of China’s national active aging strategy. Taking Social Conflict Theory and Intergenerational Equity Theory as the core analytical tool, this paper systematically analyzes the dilemmas including ambiguous legal status, institutional exclusion from social insurance, and lag of the rigid retirement system, revealing that the root cause is the four-way interest imbalance among over-age workers, employers, working-age workers and the government. Drawing on overseas legislative experience in flexible retirement and anti-employment age discrimination, and domestic pilot practices of work-related injury insurance for over-age workers, this paper proposes breaking the traditional “all-or-nothing” binary protection model. It constructs a systematic institutional system with “special labor relationship” as its legal basis, work-related injury insurance and flexible retirement as core breakthroughs, and anti-age discrimination and strengthened government accountability as supporting measures. This system aims to achieve appropriate protection of over-age workers’ rights and multi-party interest balance, providing theoretical and practical support for the legal guarantee of China’s active aging.