碳酸盐岩酸化技术进展及发展趋势

Progress and Development Trends of Carbonate Rock Acidification Technology

摘要: 由于当前碳酸盐岩油气藏开发逐渐向深层、超深层及复杂缝洞型储层转移，储层非均质性强、孔隙结构复杂和酸液作用不均等问题日益突出，使得酸化改造技术面临更高要求。对于碳酸盐岩储层而言，既需要通过酸岩反应有效解除近井污染、改善孔喉连通性和提高储层渗流能力，同时也要避免酸液近井快速消耗、优先进入高渗通道以及深部改造不足等问题。盐酸作为传统酸化体系，因溶蚀能力强、成本较低而被广泛应用，但其反应速率快、腐蚀性强和作用距离有限等缺陷较为明显。研究人员在发展盐酸体系的同时，也持续改进胶凝酸、乳化酸等缓速酸体系以及VES自转向酸、暂堵转向酸等转向酸体系，其应用效果较为显著。文章对碳酸盐岩酸化技术研究进展进行了详细阐述，重点分析了酸岩反应机理、主要酸液体系、酸化性能评价方法及存在问题与发展趋势，旨在为复杂碳酸盐岩储层酸化改造和酸液体系优化提供借鉴。

Abstract: With the development of carbonate oil and gas reservoirs gradually shifting toward deep, ultra-deep, and complex fractured-vuggy reservoirs, challenges such as strong reservoir heterogeneity, complicated pore structures, and uneven acid distribution have become increasingly prominent, placing higher demands on acidizing stimulation technologies. For carbonate reservoirs, acid-rock reactions are required to effectively remove near-wellbore damage, improve pore-throat connectivity, and enhance reservoir seepage capacity. Meanwhile, problems such as rapid acid consumption near the wellbore, preferential acid flow into high-permeability channels, and insufficient deep reservoir stimulation must be avoided. Hydrochloric acid, as a conventional acidizing system, has been widely used because of its strong dissolution capacity and relatively low cost. However, its rapid reaction rate, strong corrosiveness, and limited effective penetration distance remain significant limitations. While hydrochloric acid systems continue to be developed, retarded acid systems such as gelled acid and emulsified acid, as well as diverting acid systems including viscoelastic surfactant self-diverting acid and temporary plugging diverting acid, have also been continuously improved, showing considerable application potential. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of carbonate acidizing technologies, with emphasis on acid-rock reaction mechanisms, major acid systems, acidizing performance evaluation methods, and existing problems and development trends, aiming to provide guidance for acidizing stimulation and acid system optimization in complex carbonate reservoirs.