金纳米星在肿瘤诊疗一体化中的应用:从表面修饰到成像与治疗
Applications of Gold Nanostars in Integrated Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: From Suface Modification to Imaging and Treatment
摘要: 金纳米星(Gold Nanostars, GNS)凭借其独特的星形结构、可调谐的局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)特性、优异的光热转换效率以及多功能修饰能力,已成为癌症诊疗一体化领域的研究热点。如何实现GNS的形貌可控合成、高效表面功能化修饰及安全高效的生物应用,是当前该领域的核心研究重点。本文系统综述了GNS的典型合成方法,总结了其生物功能化修饰策略与表面改性途径,重点阐述了其在生物医学成像以及肿瘤靶向治疗等方面的研究进展,以期为GNS的进一步生物应用与临床转化提供理论参考与研究思路。
Abstract: Gold nanostars (Gold Nanostars,GNS) have emerged as a hot research topic in the field of integrated cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their unique star-shaped structure, tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) properties, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency, and versatile functionalization capabilities. Achieving controlled synthesis of GNS morphology, efficient surface functionalization, and safe and effective biomedical applications are currently the core research priorities in this field. This paper systematically reviews typical synthesis methods for GNS, summarizes strategies for their biofunctionalization and surface modification, and highlights research progress in biomedical imaging and tumor-targeted therapy. The aim is to provide theoretical references and research insights for the further biological applications and clinical translation of GNS.
文章引用:祝孝栋. 金纳米星在肿瘤诊疗一体化中的应用:从表面修饰到成像与治疗[J]. 应用物理, 2026, 16(7): 727-736. https://doi.org/10.12677/app.2026.167066

参考文献

[1] Li, D., Huang, K., She, J., Cai, Y., Liu, B., Wei, Z., et al. (2024) Two-Photon Fluorescence-Guided Precise Photothermal Therapy Located in a Single Cancer Cell Utilizing Bifunctional N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 662, 719-726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Liu, X., Zhang, W., Shang, W., Du, X., Liu, H., Tang, B.Z., et al. (2026) A “Simple” Phototheranostic Agent for High-Performance Type I Photodynamic and Photothermal Synergistic Cancer Therapy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 703, Article ID: 139117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[3] Xu, W., Zhao, D., Huang, X., Zhang, M., Zhu, W. and Xu, C. (2022) Significance of Monocyte Infiltration in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Combined Study Based on Single Cell Sequencing and TCGA. Frontiers in Oncology, 12, Article ID: 1001307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Zhu, C., Preis, E., Bakowsky, U. and Xia, Y. (2025) Cancer Nanomedicine: Concepts, Promises, and Challenges. Chem, 11, Article ID: 102706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[5] Jassim, A., Rahrmann, E.P., Simons, B.D. and Gilbertson, R.J. (2023) Cancers Make Their Own Luck: Theories of Cancer Origins. Nature Reviews Cancer, 23, 710-724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Song, Z., Ding, G., Xia, A., Bai, L., Ma, W., Li, Q., et al. (2025) Abstract 936: HPV-Related Cancer Model Development and Its Application in the Efficacy Evaluation of a saRNA Cancer Vaccine. Cancer Research, 85, 936-936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[7] Li, S., Chen, X., Shi, H., Yi, M., Xiong, B. and Li, T. (2025) Tailoring Traditional Chinese Medicine in Cancer Therapy. Molecular Cancer, 24, Article No. 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Fu, X., Zhang, Z., Dong, Q., Li, S., Wang, X., Zhang, H., et al. (2026) Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 21, 1-21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[9] Wu, C., Qiao, M., Ning, H., Gao, T., Xu, H., Xue, D., et al. (2026) Application Advances of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Theranostics: From Physicochemical Mechanisms to Multifunctional Nanoplatforms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27, Article No. 3454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[10] Wei, D., Sun, H., Zhang, M., Zhao, Y. and Yuan, H. (2024) Mapping the Technological Trajectory of Inorganic Nanomaterials in the Cancer Field. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 26, Article No. 66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[11] He, X., Liu, S., Hu, X., Huang, X., Zhang, H. and Mao, X. (2023) Precious Metal Clusters as Fundamental Agents in Bioimaging Usability. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11, Article ID: 1296036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Jahangirian, H., Kalantari, K., Izadiyan, Z., Rafiee-Moghaddam, R., Shameli, K. and Webster, T.J. (2019) A Review of Small Molecules and Drug Delivery Applications Using Gold and Iron Nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 14, 1633-1657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Patil, T.P., Vibhute, A.A., Vinu, A. and Pandey-Tiwari, A. (2025) Nucleic Acid Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing Applications: A Review. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 41, Article No. 219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Pu, Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, P. and Li, M. (2018) Elucidating the Growth Mechanism of Plasmonic Gold Nanostars with Tunable Optical and Photothermal Properties. Inorganic Chemistry, 57, 8599-8607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Wang, X., Du, S., Qu, C., Yu, F., Zheng, L., Su, M., et al. (2024) Plasmonic Nanostar@metal Organic Frameworks as Strong Adsorber, Enricher, and Sensor for Trace Nanoplastics via Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chemical Engineering Journal, 487, Article ID: 150415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[16] Hao, F., Nehl, C.L., Hafner, J.H. and Nordlander, P. (2007) Plasmon Resonances of a Gold Nanostar. Nano Letters, 7, 729-732. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Yuan, H., Khoury, C.G., Hwang, H., Wilson, C.M., Grant, G.A. and Vo-Dinh, T. (2012) Gold Nanostars: Surfactant-Free Synthesis, 3D Modelling, and Two-Photon Photoluminescence Imaging. Nanotechnology, 23, Article ID: 075102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Mousavi, S.M., Zarei, M., Hashemi, S.A., Ramakrishna, S., Chiang, W., Lai, C.W., et al. (2020) Gold Nanostars-Diagnosis, Bioimaging and Biomedical Applications. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 52, 299-318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Atta, S., Beetz, M. and Fabris, L. (2019) Understanding the Role of AgNO3 Concentration and Seed Morphology in the Achievement of Tunable Shape Control in Gold Nanostars. Nanoscale, 11, 2946-2958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Charles, J., Munkhsaikhan, E., Bregigeon‐Chanéac, P., Le Berre, T., Moulin, C., Franqueville, L., et al. (2026) Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy to Induce Cancer Cell Damage in Spheroids Using Gold Nanostars and Gold Nanorods. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, 43, e00210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[21] Yuan, H., Fales, A.M. and Vo-Dinh, T. (2012) TAT Peptide-Functionalized Gold Nanostars: Enhanced Intracellular Delivery and Efficient NIR Photothermal Therapy Using Ultralow Irradiance. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 134, 11358-11361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] David, S., Patel, D.Y., Cardona, S.M., Kirby, N. and Mayer, K.M. (2022) Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles in C33A Cervical Cancer Cells. Nano Express, 3, Article ID: 025006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[23] Li, Y., Wang, X., Yang, D., Hu, P., Gao, L., Chen, D., et al. (2019) Polydopamine-Coated Gold Nanostars for Near-Infrared Cancer Photothermal Therapy by Multiple Pathways. Journal of Materials Science, 54, 12036-12048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[24] Pan, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, C., Ma, X., Xing, J., Parshad, B., et al. (2022) Dendritic Polyglycerol‐Conjugated Gold Nanostars for Metabolism Inhibition and Targeted Photothermal Therapy in Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 11, Article ID: 2102272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Choudhury, H., Pandey, M., Wen, L.P., Cien, L.K., Xin, H., Yee, A.N.J., et al. (2020) Folic Acid Conjugated Nanocarriers for Efficient Targetability and Promising Anticancer Efficacy for Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Review of Recent Updates. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 26, 5365-5379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Cui, M., Wiraja, C., Qi, L.W., Ting, S.C.W., Jana, D., Zheng, M., et al. (2020) One-Step Synthesis of Amine-Coated Ultra-Small Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Nano Research, 13, 1592-1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[27] An, J., Yang, X., Cheng, K., Song, X., Zhang, L., Li, C., et al. (2017) In Vivo Computed Tomography/Photoacoustic Imaging and NIR-Triggered Chemo-Photothermal Combined Therapy Based on a Gold Nanostar-, Mesoporous Silica-, and Thermosensitive Liposome-Composited Nanoprobe. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 9, 41748-41759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Hu, P., Hou, X., Yu, X., Wei, X., Li, Y., Yang, D., et al. (2021) Folic Acid-Conjugated Gold Nanostars for Computed Tomography Imaging and Photothermal/Radiation Combined Therapy. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 4, 4862-4871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Sasidharan, S., Bahadur, D. and Srivastava, R. (2017) Rapid, One-Pot, Protein-Mediated Green Synthesis of Gold Nanostars for Computed Tomographic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5, 10163-10175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef
[30] Borg, R.E. and Rochford, J. (2018) Molecular Photoacoustic Contrast Agents: Design Principles & Applications. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 94, 1175-1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Ning, P., Chen, Y., Bai, Q., Xu, C., Deng, C., Cheng, Q., et al. (2022) Multimodal Imaging-Guided Spatiotemporal Tracking of Photosensitive Stem Cells for Breast Cancer Treatment. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 14, 7551-7564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Yin, B., Ho, W.K.H., Xia, X., Chan, C.K.W., Zhang, Q., Ng, Y.M., et al. (2023) A Multilayered Mesoporous Gold Nanoarchitecture for Ultraeffective Near‐Infrared Light‐Controlled Chemo/Photothermal Therapy for Cancer Guided by SERS Imaging. Small, 19, Article ID: 2206762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Xu, P., Ning, P., Wang, J., Qin, Y., Liang, F. and Cheng, Y. (2019) Precise Control of Apoptosis via Gold Nanostars for Dose Dependent Photothermal Therapy of Melanoma. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7, 6934-6944. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Zhang, L., Yang, X., Wei, J., Li, X., Wang, H. and Zhao, Y. (2019) Intelligent Gold Nanostars for in Vivo CT Imaging and Catalase-Enhanced Synergistic Photodynamic & Photothermal Tumor Therapy. Theranostics, 9, 5424-5442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Hu, H., Yang, W., Liang, Z., Zhou, Z., Song, Q., Liu, W., et al. (2021) Amplification of Oxidative Stress with Lycorine and Gold-Based Nanocomposites for Synergistic Cascade Cancer Therapy. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 19, Article No. 221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Liu, B., Cao, W., Cheng, J., Fan, S., Pan, S., Wang, L., et al. (2019) Human Natural Killer Cells for Targeting Delivery of Gold Nanostars and Bimodal Imaging Directed Photothermal/photodynamic Therapy and Immunotherapy. Cancer Biology & Medicine, 16, 756-770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Galluzzi, L., Buqué, A., Kepp, O., Zitvogel, L. and Kroemer, G. (2017) Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer and Infectious Disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17, 97-111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] He, L., Dragavon, J., Cho, S., Mao, C., Yildirim, A., Ma, K., et al. (2016) Self-Assembled Gold Nanostar-NaYF₄:Yb/Er Clusters for Multimodal Imaging, Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 4, 4455-4461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]