论家务劳动社会化在性别平等中的作用——对《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》的文本解析

On the Role of the Socialisation of Domestic Labour in Gender Equality—A Textual Analysis of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

摘要: 本文以恩格斯《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》为文本基础，围绕经典马克思主义性别理论，追溯家务劳动从公共走向私人的历史变迁，并探讨家务劳动社会化在实现性别平等中的关键地位与现实意义。恩格斯提出实现性别平等的三大先决条件——女性回归公共劳动、依靠现代大工业、家务劳动社会化，其中家务劳动社会化不仅是独立条件，更是实现前两个条件的关键助推力量。从“两种生产”理论视角看，家务劳动社会化是对人类自身生产的重新组织，能有效平衡社会生产与社会再生产的矛盾，为建立新型性别关系奠定物质基础。

Abstract: Taking Engels’ The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State as its textual foundation, this paper traces the historical transition of domestic labour from the public to the private sphere within the framework of classical Marxist gender theory and explores the pivotal role and practical significance of the socialisation of domestic labour in achieving gender equality. Engels proposed three prerequisites for gender equality: the return of women to public labour, reliance on modern large-scale industry, and the socialisation of domestic labour. Among these, the socialisation of domestic labour is not only an independent condition but also a key driving force for realising the first two. From the perspective of the “two types of production” theory, the socialisation of domestic labour represents a reorganisation of human self-production, capable of effectively balancing the contradiction between social production and social reproduction and laying the material foundation for establishing new gender relations.