拉埃尔·耶吉异化理论的重构与反思

Reconstruction and Reflection on Rahel Jaeggi’s Theory of Alienation

摘要: 为回应异化概念在后形而上学语境中因本质主义批评而面临的理论困境，拉埃尔·耶吉从现象学与实践哲学的视角重构了异化理论。本文运用文本分析与思想史考察的方法，梳理耶吉异化理论的核心内容及其对马克思异化思想的阐释。研究发现，耶吉以“无关系的关系”重新界定异化，将其理解为主体与自我、他人及世界之间关系结构的失效，并以“领有”作为判断和克服异化的规范标准，从而摆脱了对固定人性本质的依赖。同时，她认为马克思异化理论具有本质主义倾向，通过考察马克思思想的发展脉络可以发现，“类本质”更多体现为一种实践性和历史性的存在方式。尽管耶吉对马克思的理解存在进一步讨论的空间，但其关系性重构拓展了异化理论的解释维度，为理解当代主体困境提供了新的理论视角。

Abstract: In response to the theoretical predicament of the concept of alienation under the post-metaphysical condition, where it has been challenged by accusations of essentialism, Rahel Jaeggi reconstructs alienation theory from the perspectives of phenomenology and practical philosophy. This paper employs textual analysis and intellectual-historical investigation to examine the core content of Jaeggi’s theory of alienation and her interpretation of Marx’s theory of alienation. The study finds that Jaeggi redefines alienation as a “relation of relationlessness,” understanding it as the failure of relational structures between the subject and the self, others, and the world. She further takes “appropriation” as the normative criterion for diagnosing and overcoming alienation, thereby avoiding reliance on a fixed conception of human essence. At the same time, Jaeggi argues that Marx’s theory of alienation contains an essentialist tendency. However, an examination of the development of Marx’s thought suggests that “species-being” should be understood primarily as a practical and historical mode of existence. Although Jaeggi’s interpretation of Marx remains open to further discussion, her relational reconstruction expands the explanatory scope of alienation theory and offers a new theoretical perspective for understanding the predicament of contemporary subjectivity.