油页岩开发利用技术及环境影响研究进展

Research Progress on Oil Shale Development and Utilization Technology and Its Environmental Impact

摘要: 油页岩是一种富含有机质的沉积岩，作为重要的非常规能源资源，其储量丰富且分布广泛，在全球能源供应体系中具有重要战略地位。随着传统石油资源逐渐减少以及能源需求持续增长，油页岩开发利用受到越来越多国家的关注。文章系统综述了油页岩资源特征、勘探开发技术、热解转化机理、经济性评价以及环境影响等方面的研究进展。重点分析了油页岩形成条件、孔隙结构演化规律及有机质特征，阐述了地面干馏和原位转化等主要开发技术的发展现状及适用条件，总结了温度、升温速率、停留时间和颗粒粒径等因素对热解产物分布的影响机制。同时，对油页岩开发过程中可能引发的地下水污染、大气污染及固体废弃物问题进行了讨论，并归纳了相应的环境治理措施。最后，对油页岩资源高效清洁开发的发展方向进行了展望，以期为油页岩资源的合理开发和综合利用提供参考。

Abstract: Oil shale, a sedimentary rock rich in organic matter, holds a significant strategic position in the global energy supply system as an important unconventional energy resource due to its abundant reserves and widespread distribution. With the gradual depletion of traditional petroleum resources and the continuous growth of energy demand, the development and utilization of oil shale have garnered increasing attention from numerous countries. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in various aspects, such as the characteristics of oil shale resources, exploration and development technologies, pyrolysis conversion mechanisms, economic evaluations, and environmental impacts. It focuses on analyzing the formation conditions of oil shale, the evolution laws of pore structure, and the characteristics of organic matter. It also elaborates on the current development status and applicable conditions of major development technologies such as surface retorting and in-situ conversion. Furthermore, it summarizes the influence mechanisms of factors such as temperature, heating rate, residence time, and particle size on the distribution of pyrolysis products. Simultaneously, it discusses potential issues such as groundwater pollution, atmospheric pollution, and solid waste that may arise during the development of oil shale, and summarizes corresponding environmental control measures. Lastly, it provides an outlook on the development direction of efficient and clean exploitation of oil shale resources, aiming to offer references for the rational development and comprehensive utilization of oil shale resources.