北斗/惯导融合在铁路作业安全中的应用综述

Review of the Application of BeiDou/INS Integration in Railway Operation Safety

摘要: 随着铁路运输规模不断扩大，站场、隧道、山区及调车作业等复杂场景下的作业安全问题日益突出。受卫星信号遮挡、多路径反射和定位连续性不足等因素影响，单一北斗定位方式难以满足人员防护、车辆定位、轨迹追溯和风险预警需求。为梳理北斗/惯导融合技术在铁路作业安全中的应用进展，本文围绕北斗高精度定位、MEMS惯性导航、组合导航、轨道约束与地图匹配、融合算法性能比较以及交通安全预警等方面，对相关研究和典型场景进行归纳分析。归纳结果表明，北斗/惯导融合能够结合北斗绝对定位与惯导短时推算优势，在信号遮挡、RTK状态退化或短时失锁时实现轨迹补偿，提高复杂铁路环境下的位置感知可靠性。该技术可应用于作业人员定位、调车车辆定位、人车距离预警、线路巡检和隧道山区弱信号定位等场景。未来应加强多源融合定位、场景化预警、轻量化终端和数字铁路平台协同研究，为铁路作业安全防护和交通安全管理提供支撑。

Abstract: With the continuous expansion of railway transportation, operation safety in complex scenarios such as railway stations, tunnels, mountainous areas and shunting operations has become increasingly important. Affected by satellite signal obstruction, multipath reflection and insufficient positioning continuity, single BeiDou positioning is difficult to meet the requirements of worker protection, vehicle positioning, trajectory tracing and risk warning. To summarize the application progress of BeiDou/Inertial Navigation System (INS) integration in railway operation safety, this paper reviews related studies and typical scenarios from the aspects of BeiDou high-precision positioning, inertial navigation, integrated navigation, railway track constraints and map matching, fusion algorithm performance comparison, electronic fencing and traffic safety warning. The results show that BeiDou/INS integration can combine the absolute positioning capability of BeiDou with the short-term reckoning capability of inertial navigation. When satellite signals are blocked, RTK status degrades or short-term signal loss occurs, the integrated system can provide trajectory compensation and improve the reliability of position perception in complex railway environments. This technology can be applied to worker positioning, shunting vehicle positioning, worker-vehicle distance warning, line inspection, and weak-signal positioning in tunnels and mountainous areas. In the future, further research should focus on multi-source integrated positioning, scenario-based warning, lightweight terminals and coordination with digital railway platforms, so as to provide support for railway operation safety protection and traffic safety management.