农村人居环境整治的现实问题与长效对策

Practical Problems and Long-Term Countermeasures of Rural Living Environment Improvement

摘要: 改善农村人居环境是提升农村居民生活品质、促进乡村生态可持续发展、推动基层治理精细化的重要内容。在持续推进乡村环境治理的过程中，我国农村垃圾处理、污水治理、厕所改造、村容提升等工作取得阶段性成效，乡村整体环境面貌明显改善。但从长期运行来看，农村人居环境治理仍面临资金供给不足、居民参与程度不高、治理模式同质化、设施管护机制不健全等突出问题。文章以集体行动困境理论为核心分析框架，选取两个代表性村庄开展深度案例研究，通过实地观察、深度访谈、问卷调查等方式收集一手资料，系统剖析环境治理中参与不足、管护缺位、模式单一等问题的深层成因。研究发现，村民参与不足主要源于集体行动中的成本收益失衡、监督成本偏高与“搭便车”行为普遍存在。针对上述困境，文章构建了差异化治理路径、阶梯式付费机制、多元资金保障模式及全流程管护体系，提出了更具操作性的长效治理对策。此外，系统梳理了近五年该领域的高水平研究成果，明确了研究的边际贡献，以期为提升农村人居环境治理的持续性、推动治理体系常态化运行提供理论支撑与实践方案。

Abstract: Improving the rural living environment is an important measure for enhancing the quality of life of rural residents, promoting the sustainable development of the rural ecology, and advancing the refinement of primary-level governance. In the continuous advancement of rural environmental governance, China has achieved phased results in rural waste management, sewage treatment, toilet renovation, and village appearance improvement, with the overall rural environment significantly improved. However, in the long-term operation, rural living environment governance still faces prominent problems such as insufficient funding supply, low resident participation, homogeneous governance models, and inadequate facility management mechanisms. Based on the theory of collective action dilemma as the core analytical framework, this paper conducts an in-depth case study of two representative villages, collects first-hand data through field observation, in-depth interviews, and questionnaire surveys, and systematically analyzes the deep-seated causes of insufficient participation, weak management, and single models in environmental governance. The study finds that insufficient villagers’ participation mainly stems from the imbalance of cost and benefit, high supervision costs, and the prevalence of free-riding behavior in collective action. On this basis, this paper constructs differentiated governance paths, a stepwise payment mechanism, a diversified funding guarantee model, and a whole-process management system, and puts forward more operable long-term governance countermeasures. The study also sorts out high-level research findings in related fields in the past five years, clarifies the marginal contributions of this paper, and aims to provide theoretical references and practical plans for improving the sustainability of rural living environment governance and promoting the regular operation of the governance system.