双语推广背景下侗语活态传承的现实挑战与路径优化

The Practical Challenges and Path Optimization for the Living Inheritance of the Dong Language in the Context of Bilingual Promotion

摘要: 在国家通用语言文字高质量推广与少数民族语言科学保护并重的政策导向下，侗语作为承载民族认同、族群记忆与文化内涵的核心载体，其活态传承面临全球化、现代化与城镇化的多重冲击，呈现结构性濒危态势。本文立足我国侗族人口最集中，文化保留最完整的湘黔桂交界侗族聚居区，系统描摹侗语生态基底，剖析其活态传承的现实挑战与深层制约因素，并探索协同赋能的优化路径。研究发现，当前侗语存续呈现空间分异、代际断裂、场域萎缩、教育缺位的复合特征：核心聚居区母语保留相对完整，散居区与城镇社区母语使用近乎消亡；中老年群体侗语能力稳定，青少年传承断层显著；家庭域收缩化、公共域边缘化、仪式域符号化，语言实用功能持续弱化；双语教育碎片化、师资与教材严重不足，制度化传承体系尚未建立。究其根源，制度供给不足、市场功利化取向、社会结构变迁、文字体系薄弱与文化自信欠缺，共同构成侗语传承的多重桎梏。基于此，本文构建“政府引导、学校主导、家庭参与、技术支撑、社区协同”的五维赋能体系，提出深化双语融合教育、培育本土专业人才、赋能文旅业态创新、推进数字化资源建设、强化社会协同机制五大路径，旨在兼顾国家通用语普及与侗语活态延续，为少数民族语言保护与多元文化共生提供实践参考。

Abstract: Under the national policy that equally prioritizes the high-quality promotion of the standard Chinese language and the scientific preservation of ethnic minority languages, the Dong language—as a core vehicle for ethnic identity, communal memory, and cultural essence—faces multifaceted challenges from globalization, modernization, and urbanization in its living transmission, exhibiting structural vulnerability. This study focuses on the Dong ethnic settlement zone at the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi border, where the Dong population is most concentrated and cultural preservation remains most intact. It systematically maps the ecological foundation of the Dong language, analyzes practical challenges and underlying constraints in its living transmission, and explores optimized pathways for collaborative empowerment. The research reveals that current Dong language preservation exhibits composite characteristics: spatial heterogeneity, intergenerational disconnection, territorial shrinkage, and educational neglect. In core settlements, the mother tongue remains relatively intact, while its use has nearly vanished in scattered communities and urban areas. Middle-aged and elderly speakers maintain stable proficiency, whereas youth transmission shows significant gaps. Family-based domains have contracted, public domains become marginalized, and ritual domains have become symbolicized, leading to continuous weakening of the language’s practical function. Bilingual education remains fragmented, with severe shortages of teachers and teaching materials, and no institutionalized transmission system has been established. At its core, insufficient institutional support, market-driven utilitarianism, social structural changes, weak writing systems, and lack of cultural confidence collectively constitute multiple barriers to Dong language preservation. Based on this, the paper establishes a five-dimensional empowerment framework characterized by “government guidance, school leadership, family participation, technological support, and community collaboration.” It proposes five key approaches: deepening bilingual integrated education, cultivating local professional talents, fostering innovation in cultural and tourism sectors, advancing digital resource development, and strengthening social coordination mechanisms. These measures aim to balance the promotion of the national common language with the preservation of the Dong language’s living heritage, providing practical references for minority language protection and multicultural coexistence.