SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器常见故障分析及标校调整方法研究

Analysis of Common Faults and Calibration Adjustment Methods for the SL3-1 Double-Tipping-Bucket Rainfall Sensor

摘要: 随着气象业务自动化水平提升，阳新县32个区域自动气象观测站点均配置SL3-1型双翻斗雨量传感器。针对业务运行中干簧管损坏、流道堵塞、机械卡滞以及标校误差方向不一致等问题，本文在梳理既有研究基础上，结合基层台站维护实践，分析干簧管安装与焊接要点、典型故障诊断方法，并构建以“小雨强误差方向”和“大雨强误差方向”为输入判据的双参数协同调校流程。结果表明，清洗、防虫、疏通和线路修复属于物理恢复，容量螺钉和定位螺钉调校属于计量学纠偏；在物理故障排除后，采用容量螺钉修正静态承水量、定位螺钉修正大雨强动态入流，可为同向偏差和异向偏差的现场调校提供判别依据。3次重复标校结果显示，调校后大雨强误差均值为−0.20 mm、样本方差为0.010 mm²，小雨强误差均值为0.00 mm、样本方差为0.010 mm²，均满足业务允许误差要求。该方法可为基层台站雨量传感器维护、故障判断和现场标校提供参考。

Abstract: With the improvement in the automation of meteorological operations, all 32 regional automatic weather observation stations in Yangxin County are equipped with SL3-1 double-tipping-bucket rainfall sensors. In response to operational problems such as reed switch damage, channel blockage, mechanical jamming, and inconsistent directions of calibration errors, this paper reviews existing studies and, based on maintenance practice at primary-level stations, analyzes key points in reed switch installation and soldering, typical fault diagnosis methods, and constructs a two-parameter collaborative calibration process using the error directions under low and high rain intensities as input criteria. The results show that cleaning, insect prevention, dredging, and circuit repair are physical restoration measures, while adjustment of the capacity screw and positioning screw is metrological correction. After physical faults are eliminated, the capacity screw can be used to correct the static water-holding volume, and the positioning screw can be used to correct dynamic inflow under high rain intensity, providing a diagnostic basis for field adjustment under same-direction and opposite-direction deviations. Three repeated calibration tests show that, after adjustment, the mean error under high rain intensity is −0.20 mm with a sample variance of 0.010 mm², while the mean error under low rain intensity is 0.00 mm with a sample variance of 0.010 mm²; both meet the allowable operational error requirements. This method can provide a reference for rainfall-sensor maintenance, fault diagnosis, and field calibration at primary-level meteorological stations.