新疆小叶白蜡国家级自然保护区预防枯梢病的策略研究

Strategy for Preventing Ash Dieback in the Xinjiang Fraxinus sogdiana National Nature Reserve

摘要: 白蜡树枯梢病是由伪白蜡长棒盘菌引起的毁灭性森林病害，已在欧洲造成大规模白蜡树死亡，对森林生态系统稳定性产生显著影响。尽管我国目前尚未发现该病害自然发生，但在国际贸易频繁、气候变化和苗木调运增加的背景下，其潜在入侵风险仍需前置评估。新疆伊犁河谷的小叶白蜡作为第三纪残遗物种，主要分布于国家级自然保护区，具有重要生态、遗传和生物安全价值。本文在梳理白蜡树枯梢病传播机制及我国防控现状的基础上，新增新疆伊犁河谷与欧洲枯梢病疫区在气候、土壤、水分条件和伴生树种方面的比较，进一步判断病害在伊犁河谷的潜在适生性。结果表明，伊犁保护区总体具有大陆性半干旱和高蒸发特征，区域尺度上与欧洲温带湿润疫区存在差异，但河漫滩、阶地、近水高湿斑块及密度偏高的幼龄林仍可能形成局部适生微环境。因此，本文提出以分子监测预警、林木活力提升、林分结构优化和生态管护相结合的综合预防策略，并进一步细化候选基因类别、样地采样方案、林分密度、胸径结构和林窗调控指标，以提升新疆伊犁小叶白蜡林分的抗病能力与生态韧性。

Abstract: Ash dieback is a destructive forest disease caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which has caused large-scale mortality of ash trees across Europe and has affected forest ecosystem stability. Although the disease has not been naturally recorded in China, its potential introduction risk should be assessed in advance under intensified international trade, climate change, and plant material movement. Fraxinus sogdiana in the Ili River Valley of Xinjiang is a Tertiary relict species mainly distributed within a national nature reserve and has high ecological, genetic, and biosecurity value. Based on the transmission mechanism of ash dieback and the current prevention status in China, this study adds a comparative assessment of the Ili River Valley and European epidemic areas in terms of climate, soil, water conditions, and associated tree species, thereby evaluating the potential suitability of the pathogen in the Ili region. The comparison indicates that the Ili reserve differs from humid temperate European epidemic areas at the regional scale because of its continental semi-arid climate and high evaporation; however, floodplains, terraces, riparian humid patches, and dense young stands may still provide local suitable microhabitats. Accordingly, this study proposes an integrated prevention strategy combining molecular early warning, tree-vigor improvement, stand-structure optimization, and ecological management, and further specifies candidate gene categories, a preliminary sampling scheme, stand-density targets, diameter-structure indicators, and canopy-gap control measures for improving disease resistance and ecological resilience of F. sogdiana forests in Xinjiang.