工程力学中“内力”概念的常见误区分析与 教学策略改进新结构

Analysis of Common Misunderstandings of the Concept of “Internal Force” in Engineering Mechanics and New Structure for Teaching Strategy Improvement

摘要: 内力是工程力学的核心概念，对结构受力分析与工程设计具有重要作用。在学习过程中，学生常因概念抽象、内容繁杂等原因出现理解偏差与应用错误，主要表现为内力与外力、内力与应力易混淆，截面法应用不规范及内力符号判断失误等。本文归纳了学生学习内力时的常见误区，分析了误区产生的主要原因，并从教学方式、方法工具、知识体系、学习资源与过程评价等方面提出相应改进策略。研究结果有助于改善工程力学的教学效果，帮助学生更清晰、准确地掌握内力知识，提升力学分析与工程应用能力。

Abstract: Internal force is a core concept in engineering mechanics and plays an important role in structural stress analysis and engineering design. During the learning process, students often develop misunderstandings and application errors due to the abstract nature of the concepts and the complexity of the content. These errors mainly manifest as confusion between internal and external forces, confusion between internal force and stress, improper application of section methods, and errors in judging internal force signs. This paper summarizes common misconceptions students have when learning about internal force, analyzes the main causes of these misconceptions, and proposes corresponding improvement strategies from aspects such as teaching methods, methodological tools, knowledge system, learning resources, and process evaluation. The research results help improve the teaching effectiveness of engineering mechanics, assist students in mastering knowledge of internal force more clearly and accurately, and enhance their ability in mechanical analysis and engineering applications.