生态马克思主义视角下地租理论与自然空间 商品化

Land Rent Theory and the Commodification of Natural Space from the Perspective of Ecological Marxism

摘要: 随着资本主义生态危机不断加剧，传统马克思主义对自然空间商品化的分析大多将焦点聚焦在劳动价值论方面，却忽略了土地作为自然条件在资本积累过程当中的特殊作用。生态马克思主义揭示出了资本以及自然的矛盾，不过较少系统地探讨地租理论是怎样解释自然空间转变为可交易商品的过程。研究基于生态马克思主义视角，对马克思地租理论进行重审，并结合国际批判地理学与空间生产理论的前沿成果，探究在当代市场经济背景下，地租机制如何驱动自然空间商品化并加剧生态的退化。通过分析绝对地租、级差地租以及垄断地租在土地、水资源、大气等自然要素当中的运作逻辑，并辅以张家界武陵源景区的案例研究，文章发现：地租调节着资本对自然空间的占有与分配，通过价格信号将自然条件纳入到资本循环当中，让自然空间成为能够定价、可以交换的资产。这一过程使得自然使用价值被交换价值所遮蔽，生态系统的整体性出现碎片化，并会引发资源耗竭、污染转移以及空间不平等。研究进一步指出，融入国家政策与社会行动者考量的生态马克思主义地租分析，能够揭示出资本积累地理扩张以及生态极限的内在张力，为理解当代环境冲突提供一个超越传统政治经济学的解释框架。

Abstract: As capitalist ecological crises continue to worsen, traditional Marxist analyses of the commodification of natural space largely center on the labor theory of value, while neglecting the unique role of land as a natural condition in the process of capital accumulation. Ecological Marxism has exposed the contradictions between capital and nature, yet few studies have systematically explored how land rent theory explains the transformation of natural space into tradable commodities. From the perspective of ecological Marxism, this study re-examines Marx’s land rent theory and incorporates cutting-edge achievements in international critical geography and the theory of spatial production. It explores how the land rent mechanism drives the commodification of natural space and exacerbates ecological degradation under the contemporary market economy. By analyzing the operational logic of absolute rent, differential rent, and monopoly rent applied to natural elements such as land, water resources, and the atmosphere, alongside a case study of Wulingyuan Scenic Area in Zhangjiajie, this paper concludes that land rent regulates capital’s possession and distribution of natural space. It integrates natural conditions into the circulation of capital via price signals, turning natural space into priceable and exchangeable assets. In this process, the use value of nature is overshadowed by exchange value, the integrity of ecosystems becomes fragmented, and a series of problems arise, including resource depletion, pollution transfer, and spatial inequality. The study further indicates that ecological Marxist analysis of land rent, incorporating national policies and social actors, can reveal the inherent tensions between the geographical expansion of capital accumulation and ecological limits, providing an interpretive framework beyond traditional political economy for understanding contemporary environmental conflicts.