古苗语鼻冠闭塞音声类在电塘苗语的反映形式

The Reflection Form of the Nasal Crown Occlusion Sound of Ancient Miao Language in Diantang Miao Language

摘要: 古苗语鼻冠闭塞音是苗语的一大特征之一。电塘苗语共有4套鼻冠音声母，来源于古苗语唇鼻冠塞音声类，舌尖鼻冠塞音声类，舌尖鼻冠塞擦音声类，小舌鼻冠塞音声类。在电塘苗语中，其演变规律依古苗语鼻冠音声类清浊属性呈现差异化发展：全清声类(*NT-)保留三级存古形态，包含完整保留(NT→NT)、鼻冠弱化(NT→^NT)及鼻音脱落(NT→T)的连续演变过程；次清声类(*NTh-)则呈现两极分化，或完全脱落鼻冠成分(NTh→Th)，或完整保留原始结构(NTh→NTh)。全浊声类(*ND-)经历浊音清化后(*ND→NT)进一步分化，产生与全清声类平行的三种演化路径：鼻冠完整保留(NT→NT)、鼻冠弱化(NT→^NT)及鼻冠脱落(NT→T)。与湘西、黔东、川黔滇方言下的其他次方言与土语相比较，电塘苗语鼻冠音的演变处于苗语鼻冠音演变系统的中间过渡阶段，其鼻冠音的演变主要是由于语言接触和语言习得所致。

Abstract: The nasal-crown occlusive sounds of Ancient Miao Language are one of the major features of the Miao language. Diantang Miao has a total of four sets of nasal-crown initial consonants, derived from the Ancient Miao Language labial-nasal-crown occlusive series, apical-nasal-crown occlusive series, apical-nasal-crown affricate series, and uvular-nasal-crown occlusive series. In Diantang Miao, their evolutionary patterns show differentiated development according to the voiced and voiceless attributes of Ancient Miao Language nasal-crown consonants: the fully voiceless series (*NT-) retains the three-level ancient structure, including complete retention (NT→NT), weakening of the nasal crown (NT→^NT), and nasal loss (NT→T) in a continuous evolutionary process; the semi-voiceless series (*NTh-) shows a bipolar divergence, either completely losing the nasal-crown component (NTh→Th) or fully retaining the original structure (NTh→NTh). The fully voiced series (*ND-) undergoes devoicing (*ND→NT) and further differentiation, producing three evolutionary paths parallel to the fully voiceless series: complete retention of the nasal crown (NT→NT), weakening of the nasal crown (NT→^NT), and loss of the nasal crown (NT→T). Compared with other subdialects and local dialects under the Xiangxi, Eastern Guizhou, and Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan dialects, the evolution of nasal-crown sounds in Diantang Miao is in an intermediate transitional stage within the system of Miao nasal-crown sound evolution, and its changes are mainly caused by language contact and language acquisition.