行政处罚决定公开的类型化构造与救济 路径完善

Categorized Construction of Publicity for Administrative Penalty Decisions and Perfection of Remedy Approaches

摘要: 本文深入探讨行政处罚决定公开制度。2021年修订的《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》(后文简称《行政处罚法》)第48条运用“具有一定社会影响”这一条件，对行政处罚决定的相对公开范围予以了界定，但是对其立法目的究竟是监督执法、风险预警还是制裁存在争议。“具有一定社会影响”的概念认定也未在法律规范中予以明确，除此之外，还存在救济制度缺失等问题。基于此，本文主张，对于“具有一定社会影响”这一认定，应当综合考量包括区分处罚对象社会身份的主体标准、与社会公共利益的相关性等多方面因素来加以判断。在行政处罚决定公开方面，需明确政府信息公开的限度与条件，严格遵循比例原则。与此同时，还需引入预防性行政诉讼制度进行救济。

Abstract: This paper conducts an in-depth research on the publicity system for administrative penalty decisions. Article 48 of the Administrative Penalty Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Administrative Penalty Law), as revised in 2021, defines the scope for conditional publicity of administrative penalty decisions via the threshold of “producing a certain social impact”. Nevertheless, disputes persist over its legislative purpose, namely whether it targets law enforcement supervision, risk early warning or punitive sanction. The statutory definition of the ambiguous criterion “producing a certain social impact” remains absent from normative legal provisions; further deficiencies include the lack of supporting remedy mechanisms. Against such backdrop, this article proposes that the identification of “producing a certain social impact” shall take multiple factors into comprehensive consideration, including a subject-based criterion differentiating the social status of penalized parties and the relevance to public interests. As to the publicity of administrative penalty decisions, authorities ought to clarify the boundary and prerequisites of government information disclosure and abide strictly by the principle of proportionality. Meanwhile, a preventive administrative litigation system shall be introduced to provide remedy.