超龄劳动者社会保障政策的区域差异与公平性研究

Regional Differences and Equity in Social Security Policies for Over-Age Workers

摘要: 在人口老龄化持续深化的背景下，超龄劳动者已成为我国劳动力市场不可或缺的组成部分。受社会保障属地管理与分级财政体制影响，我国超龄劳动者在养老、医疗、工伤、失业及社会救助等领域存在显著区域政策差异，严重冲击制度公平性与群体权益保障。本文选取东部浙江、中部湖北、西部四川三省为典型样本，依托官方政策文件、统计年鉴与社保年度报告数据，系统对比三地超龄劳动者社保政策差异，运用制度碎片化理论剖析差异形成机制，从机会公平与结果公平维度评估政策公平性影响。研究表明，东中西部在参保门槛、补缴规则、待遇水平、工伤认定等方面差异显著，经济财力、制度设计、执行力度与人口结构共同造成保障不均等；区域差异加剧地区不平等、抑制就业积极性并放大社会风险。本文提出强化顶层设计、推进工伤保险全国统筹试点、分类精准保障、加大财政转移支付等建议，为推动超龄劳动者社会保障均等化、提升制度公平性与可持续性提供实证依据。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of deepening population aging, over-age workers have become an indispensable part of China’s labor market. Affected by the territorial management of social security and the hierarchical fiscal system, China’s over-age workers face significant regional policy differences in pension, medical care, work-related injury, unemployment insurance and social assistance, which seriously undermine institutional equity and the protection of group rights and interests. This paper selects three typical provinces—Zhejiang in the east, Hubei in the central and Sichuan in the west—as samples. Based on official policy documents, statistical yearbooks and annual social security reports, it systematically compares the social security policies for over-age workers in the three regions, analyzes the formation mechanism of differences with the theory of institutional fragmentation, and evaluates the impact of policy equity from the dimensions of opportunity equity and outcome equity. The study shows that there are significant differences between the eastern, central and western regions in terms of insurance thresholds, supplementary payment rules, benefit levels and work-related injury identification. Economic capacity, institutional design, implementation intensity and demographic structure jointly lead to unequal protection. Regional differences aggravate regional inequality, inhibit employment enthusiasm and amplify social risks. This paper puts forward suggestions such as strengthening top-level design, promoting national overall planning pilot of work-related injury insurance, implementing classified and precise protection, and increasing fiscal transfer payments, so as to provide empirical evidence for promoting the equalization of social security for over-age workers and improving institutional equity and sustainability.