卢梭“自然人”与“公民”概念比较研究及启示

A Comparative Study of Rousseau’s “Natural Man” and “Citizen” and Its Implications

摘要: 卢梭以“自然人”与“公民”作为贯穿其政治哲学、伦理学与教育哲学的双重轴心。自然人是前社会、自足、以自爱与怜悯为根基的原初存在；公民则是经由社会契约建构、服从公意并承担公共义务的道德存在。二者在自由形态、合法性基础、存在方式、情感结构上呈现难以调和的对立。本文以《论人类不平等的起源和基础》《社会契约论》《爱弥儿》为依据，系统梳理二者的定义与区分逻辑，揭示其对现代性困境的诊断，并在此基础上探讨可能的理论启示与化解路径。

Abstract: Rousseau takes “natural man” and “citizen” as the dual axes running through his political philosophy, ethics, and educational philosophy. Natural man is a pre-social, self-sufficient, primordial being rooted in self-love and pity; the citizen, by contrast, is a moral being constructed through the social contract, subject to the general will, and bearing public obligations. The two present an irreconcilable opposition in terms of the form of freedom, basis of legitimacy, mode of being, and emotional structure. Drawing on Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, The Social Contract, and Emile, or On Education, this paper systematically delineates the definitions and logic of distinction between the two, reveals their diagnosis of the predicaments of modernity, and on this basis explores possible theoretical insights and paths of resolution.