从“感性对象性”到“实践对象性”——论马克思对费尔巴哈哲学的批判与超越

From “Sensuous Objectivity” to “Practical Objectivity”—On Marx’s Critique and Transcendence of Feuerbach’s Philosophy

摘要: 费尔巴哈的哲学在马克思主义形成史上占据关键地位。他以“感性对象性”原则颠覆了黑格尔的思辨哲学体系，并以人本主义伦理构想阐释人与人的对象性关系，但其理论存在显著局限。马克思在继承费尔巴哈对象性思想的基础上，通过引入“实践”范畴，完成了从直观唯物主义到历史唯物主义的哲学变革。本文以对象性理论为线索，梳理两位思想家的理论关系与根本分歧，阐释马克思如何将哲学视阈从解释世界的抽象伦理转向改变世界的革命实践，最终创立了以实践为基础的“新世界观”。

Abstract: Feuerbach’s philosophy constitutes an important theoretical link in the formation of Marxism. He subverted Hegel’s speculative philosophical system with the principle of “sensuous objectivity” and elaborated the inter-subjective relations of human beings through humanistic ethics, yet his theories have prominent limitations. On the basis of inheriting the rational core of Feuerbach’s theory of objectivity, Marx introduced the category of practice and accomplished a philosophical transformation from intuitive materialism to historical materialism. Taking the theory of objectivity as the main thread, this paper sorts out the theoretical connections and fundamental divergences between the two thinkers. It illustrates how Marx shifted the philosophical vision from abstract ethics that merely interprets the world to revolutionary practice that transforms the world, and ultimately established a new worldview rooted in practice.