德福辩证与圆善实现——牟宗三哲学中“德”“福”统一及其当代意义

Dialectics of Virtue and Happiness and the Realization of the Perfect Good—On the Unity of Virtue and Happiness in Mou Zongsan’s Philosophy and Its Contemporary Significance

摘要: 本文聚焦牟宗三哲学中“德”与“福”的辩证统一关系。首先梳理中西传统德福观的局限，中国古代“以德祈福”“德福矛盾”“以德为福”观或依赖天命、或回避现实、或窄化幸福；西方理性主义、感性主义及康德“最高善”理论或简化关系、或诉诸超验。进而阐释牟宗三以“无限智心”为形上基础、“圆教”为实践路径、“诡谲的即”为辩证逻辑，重构德福统一的圆善思想。最后分析其对中西哲学会通的理论意义、实践启示，以及偏重精神境界、实践路径精英化的局限，强调需结合内在修养与外在制度实现德福统一。

Abstract: This paper focuses on the dialectical unity of virtue and happiness in Mou Zongsan’s philosophy. First, it examines the limitations of traditional Chinese and Western perspectives on their relationship. In ancient China, the doctrines of “seeking blessings through virtue”, “the contradiction between virtue and happiness” and “taking virtue itself as happiness” either relied on the mandate of heaven, evaded real-world dilemmas, or narrowed the connotation of happiness. In the Western tradition, rationalism, sensationalism and Immanuel Kant's theory of the Highest Good either oversimplified their interrelation, or resorted to transcendental presuppositions. Then, it elaborates on Mou Zongsan’s reconstruction of the Perfect Good thought, which takes Infinite Intellectual Mind as the metaphysical foundation, Perfect Teaching as the practical path, and the paradoxical identity as the dialectical logic to achieve the unity of virtue and happiness. Finally, it analyzes the theoretical significance of his thought for the integration of Chinese and Western philosophy, its practical implications, as well as its inherent limitations: overemphasis on spiritual realm and the elitist tendency of its practical approach. The paper concludes that the unity of virtue and happiness must be realized through the combination of internal self-cultivation and external institutional construction.