厚大冲积层下金属矿山充填开采地表沉降变形研究综述

Review of Research on Surface Settlement and Deformation in Metal Mine Reclamation Areas Beneath Thick Alluvial Strata

摘要: 随着金属矿产资源开发向深部、复杂地质条件与生态敏感区延伸，充填开采已成为控制采空区失稳、降低地表沉降和推进绿色矿山建设的重要技术路径。厚大冲积层具有厚度大、压缩性强、含水层与隔水层组合复杂、固结变形持续时间长等特点，使金属矿山充填开采引起的地表沉降不再仅仅是采空区上覆基岩移动的直接结果，而是采空区扰动、充填体压缩、基岩断裂与离层、冲积层压缩固结及地下水响应等多因素共同作用的结果。围绕厚大冲积层下金属矿山充填开采地表沉降变形问题，文章系统梳理了国内外在矿山地表变形、金属矿山充填开采、厚松散层沉陷、多源遥感监测、数值模拟和智能预测等方面的研究进展。研究认为，厚大冲积层条件下地表沉降具有沉降范围扩大、边界收敛缓慢、残余沉降明显和多场耦合特征；充填体强度与弹性模量、接顶率、充填滞后时间、充填体长期蠕变以及含水层失水固结是影响沉降控制效果的关键因素。未来应加强厚冲积层–基岩–充填体耦合机理、多源协同监测、机理–数据融合预测和采充参数动态优化研究。

Abstract: As metal mineral resource development extends into deeper geological layers, complex geological conditions, and ecologically sensitive areas, backfill mining has become a critical technical approach for controlling goaf instability, reducing surface subsidence, and advancing green mining practices. The thick alluvial layer, characterized by its substantial thickness, high compressibility, complex combination of aquifers and impermeable zones, and prolonged consolidation deformation, means that surface subsidence caused by metal mine backfilling is no longer solely the direct result of overlying bedrock movement but rather the outcome of combined effects including goaf disturbance, backfill compression, bedrock fracturing and delamination, alluvial layer compression and consolidation, and groundwater response. This study systematically reviews domestic and international research progress on mine surface deformation, metal mine backfilling, settlement in thick loose layers, multi-source remote sensing monitoring, numerical modeling, and intelligent prediction regarding surface subsidence deformation under thick alluvial layers. Research indicates that surface subsidence in such conditions exhibits expanded coverage, slow boundary convergence, significant residual settlement, and multi-field coupling characteristics; key factors influencing subsidence control include backfill strength and elastic modulus, capping rate, backfill lag time, long-term creep behavior of the backfill, and aquifer dewatering and consolidation. Future efforts should focus on elucidating the coupled mechanisms among thick alluvial layers, bedrock, and backfill materials, developing multi-source integrated monitoring systems, enhancing mechanism-data fusion prediction models, and optimizing dynamic mining-backfill parameters.