短链及新型替代PFAS对水生生物毒性效应的研究进展

Advances in the Study of Toxic Effects of Short-Chain and Novel Alternative PFAS on Aquatic Organisms

摘要: 随着PFOS、PFOA等传统长链全氟/多氟烷基物质(PFASs)受到限制，短链及新型替代PFASs被广泛应用于工业生产和消费品领域，并逐渐成为水环境中新兴污染物的重要组成部分。与长链PFASs相比，短链PFASs通常具有更高水溶性、更强迁移性和较低吸附性，易在河流、湖泊、地下水及近岸海域中扩散并形成持续暴露。虽然部分短链替代物的急性毒性和生物累积性低于传统长链PFASs，但近年来研究表明，HFPO-DA、HFPO-TA、F-53B、OBS、Nafion副产物、FBSA和6:2 FTSA等新型替代物仍可对水生生物产生显著生态毒性。其毒性效应主要表现为胚胎发育异常、心率和行为改变、神经毒性、氧化应激增强、脂质代谢紊乱、肠道菌群失衡、免疫炎症反应及繁殖毒性等。进一步机制研究显示，短链及新型替代PFASs可通过干扰甲状腺激素信号、多巴胺能系统、线粒体功能、PPAR相关脂质代谢通路、先天免疫信号通路以及肠道微生态稳态等过程发挥多靶点毒性作用。现有证据表明，“短链替代”并不等同于“低生态风险”，其环境持久性、迁移性、混合暴露效应和长期亚致死毒性仍需重点关注。未来应加强短链及新型替代PFASs在天然水环境中的系统监测，结合毒代动力学研究、多组学技术和长期低剂量暴露实验，完善其生态风险评价体系，为PFASs污染控制、安全替代和类别化管理提供科学依据。

Abstract: With the restriction of conventional long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as PFOS and PFOA, short-chain and novel alternative PFASs have been widely used in industrial production and consumer products, gradually becoming an important group of emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. Compared with long-chain PFASs, short-chain PFASs generally exhibit higher water solubility, stronger mobility, and lower adsorption capacity, which facilitates their diffusion in rivers, lakes, groundwater, and coastal waters and leads to continuous environmental exposure. Although the acute toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of some short-chain alternatives are lower than those of conventional long-chain PFASs, recent studies have shown that novel alternatives, including HFPO-DA, HFPO-TA, F-53B, OBS, Nafion by-products, FBSA, and 6:2 FTSA, can still exert significant ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. These toxic effects mainly include abnormal embryonic development, alterations in heart rate and behavior, neurotoxicity, enhanced oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune and inflammatory responses, and reproductive toxicity. Further mechanistic studies indicate that short-chain and novel alternative PFASs may exert multi-target toxicity by disrupting thyroid hormone signaling, the dopaminergic system, mitochondrial function, PPAR-related lipid metabolism pathways, innate immune signaling pathways, and gut microbial homeostasis. Current evidence suggests that “short-chain substitution” does not necessarily imply “low ecological risk”; therefore, their environmental persistence, mobility, mixture exposure effects, and long-term sublethal toxicity require further attention. Future studies should strengthen systematic monitoring of short-chain and novel alternative PFASs in natural aquatic environments and integrate toxicokinetic research, multi-omics technologies, and long-term low-dose exposure experiments to improve their ecological risk assessment framework. Such efforts will provide a scientific basis for PFAS pollution control, safer substitution, and category-based management.