油莎草(Cyperus esculentus L.)：从传统作物到多维度高值化利用

Cyperus esculentus L.: From a Traditional Crop to Multidimensional High-Value Utilisation

摘要: 油莎草(Cyperus esculentus L.)，亦称虎坚果或地栗，是一种集粮、油、饲、药等多功能于一体的莎草科古老经济作物。在全球气候变化、耕地资源紧张及大健康产业兴起的背景下，其卓越的抗逆性、高生物量以及全株富含的营养与生物活性物质，使其重新成为可持续农业和功能食品领域的研究热点。本文综述旨在系统梳理油莎草的研究进展，围绕其全株(地上茎叶、须根及地下块茎)的化学成分、现代提取技术、药理活性及食品工业创新应用展开深入探讨。研究表明，油莎草块茎富含高油酸油脂、抗性淀粉与优质植物蛋白，地上部分则是重要的饲料资源；以超临界CO₂萃取、酶法辅助等为代表的绿色提取技术，以及基于“零废弃”理念的副产物综合利用策略，正推动其高值化发展。大量体内外研究证实，油莎草提取物具有抗氧化、抗炎、调节血糖血脂、保护心血管及改善肠道健康等多重功效。未来研究需聚焦于分子育种、绿色智能加工、临床营养学验证及全产业链整合，以充分释放这一“超级作物”在保障粮食安全与促进人类健康方面的巨大潜力。

Abstract: Cyperus esculentus L., commonly known as the tiger nut or earth chestnut, is an ancient crop belonging to the Cyperaceae family. It has many uses, including as a grain for human consumption, an oil source, animal feed, and a medicinal plant. Against the backdrop of global climate change, limited arable land, and the growth of the wellness industry, its exceptional stress tolerance, high biomass, and abundance of nutrients and bioactive compounds throughout the entire plant have made it a focus of research in sustainable agriculture and functional foods once again. This review aims to summarize the latest research on C. esculentus systematically, with a particular focus on the chemical composition, modern extraction techniques, pharmacological activities, and innovative applications in the food industry of the entire plant (including the above-ground stems and leaves, fibrous roots, and underground tubers). Research indicates that C. esculentus tubers are rich in high-oleic oils, resistant starch, and high-quality plant protein, while the above-ground parts are an important feed resource. Green extraction technologies such as supercritical CO₂ extraction and enzyme-assisted methods, along with comprehensive by-product utilization strategies based on the “zero-waste” concept, are driving its high-value development. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that C. esculentus extracts have multiple health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the ability to regulate blood glucose and lipid levels, protect cardiovascular health, and improve gut health. Future research should focus on molecular breeding, green and intelligent processing, clinical nutritional validation, and full industry chain integration to unlock the immense potential of this “super crop” in ensuring food security and promoting human health.