取代苯酚类萃取剂在铷、铯分离回收中的研究进展
Research Progress on Replacing Phenol-Based Extractants in the Rubidium and Cesium Separation and Recovery
DOI: 10.12677/ms.2026.167165, PDF,   
作者: 张甜甜：兰州交通大学，光电技术与智能控制教育部重点实验室，甘肃 兰州；中国科学院上海有机化学研究所，先进氟氮材料全国重点实验室，上海；林荣文, 余东海, 向绍基：中国科学院上海有机化学研究所，先进氟氮材料全国重点实验室，上海；郑 文：武汉朋和科技有限公司，湖北 武汉；王成龙*：兰州交通大学，光电技术与智能控制教育部重点实验室，甘肃 兰州
关键词: 铷；铯；溶剂萃取；t-BAMBP；取代苯酚；协同萃取；Rubidium； Cesium； Solvent Extraction； t-BAMBP； Substituted Phenol； Synergistic Extraction
摘要: 铷(Rb)和铯(Cs)作为重要的稀有碱金属资源，在航空航天、新能源、电子信息及国防军工等高科技领域具有不可替代的战略价值。然而，二者与大量化学性质相近的钾、钠等离子共存于盐湖卤水和矿石浸出液中，分离提取难度极大。溶剂萃取法是当前铷铯分离的主流技术，其中以4-叔丁基-2-(α-甲基苄基)苯酚(t-BAMBP)为代表的取代苯酚类萃取剂，凭借其基于“体积效应”的卓越选择性、快速的反应动力学和良好的循环性能，成为该领域的核心萃取剂。文章系统综述了以t-BAMBP为核心的取代苯酚类萃取剂在铷、铯分离领域的研究进展。首先，梳理了铷铯资源的分布、性质与应用现状；其次，详细阐述了萃取化学的基础，系统分析了萃取热力学与动力学机理；再次，重点介绍了从单级条件优化到多级逆流连续萃取的工艺开发策略，特别关注了针对高钾/钠背景溶液的强化分离技术；并探讨了稀释剂筛选、协同萃取体系设计、萃取剂合成与回收以及工艺过程中“固相化合物”问题在内的工艺优化与创新；最后，对比分析了不同技术路线的优缺点，对该领域未来的研究方向如绿色协同体系开发、萃取剂结构设计以及多技术耦合进行了展望。
Abstract: Rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs), as important rare alkali metal resources, have irreplaceable strategic value in high-tech fields such as aerospace, new energy, electronic information, and the national defense and military industry. However, they are often associated with large amounts of chemically similar ions such as potassium and sodium in salt lake brine and ore leachate, making their separation and extraction extremely difficult. Solvent extraction is the current mainstream technology for rubidium-cesium separation. Among the various extractants, substituted phenols represented by 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol (t-BAMBP) have become the core choice in this field due to their outstanding selectivity based on the “volume effect,” rapid reaction kinetics, and good recycling performance. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on substituted phenol extractants, with a focus on t-BAMBP. The article first outlines the distribution, properties, and current applications of rubidium and cesium resources; Second, it elaborates on the fundamentals of extraction chemistry and systematically analyzes the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms of extraction; Third, it focuses on process development strategies ranging from single-stage condition optimization to multi-stage counter-current continuous extraction, with particular attention to specific separation techniques for high potassium/sodium background solutions; Subsequently, it discusses process optimization and innovations, including diluent selection, design of synergistic extraction systems, synthesis and recovery of extractants, and the issue of “third phase” or solid precipitate formation in the process; Finally, it compares the advantages and disadvantages of different technological routes and looks ahead to future research directions in this field, such as the development of green synergistic systems, extractant structure design, and multi-technology coupling.
文章引用：张甜甜, 林荣文, 余东海, 向绍基, 郑文, 王成龙. 取代苯酚类萃取剂在铷、铯分离回收中的研究进展[J]. 材料科学, 2026, 16(7): 163-179. https://doi.org/10.12677/ms.2026.167165

参考文献

[1] Gao, L., Ma, G.H., Zheng, Y., Tang, Y., Xie, G., Yu, J., et al. (2020) Research Trends on Separation and Extraction of Rare Alkali Metal from Salt Lake Brine: Rubidium and Cesium. Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 38, 753-776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[2] Niu, H., Yu, M., Mubula, Y., Zeng, L., Xu, K., Zhu, Z., et al. (2025) Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from a Variety of Resources: A Review. Materials, 18, Article No. 3378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Saliba, M., Matsui, T., Domanski, K., Seo, J., Ummadisingu, A., Zakeeruddin, S.M., et al. (2016) Incorporation of Rubidium Cations into Perovskite Solar Cells Improves Photovoltaic Performance. Science, 354, 206-209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Visconti, P.J., Slevin, J.A. and Rubin, K. (1971) Absolute Total Cross Sections for the Scattering of Low-Energy Electrons by Rubidium, Cesium, and Potassium. Physical Review A, 3, 1310-1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[5] Formichella, V., Camparo, J. and Tavella, P. (2018) Mitigation of Lamplight-Induced Frequency Jumps in Space Rubidium Clocks. IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, 65, 911-918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Shi, T.T., Wei, Q., Qin, X., Liu, Z., Chen, K., Cao, S., et al. (2024) Dual-Frequency Optical-Microwave Atomic Clocks Based on Cesium Atoms. Photonics Research, 12, 1972-1980. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[7] Liu, C., Chen, S., Chen, Z., Li, L., Xu, S., Li, Y., et al. (2021) Improving the Short-Term Frequency Stability of a Magnetic-State-Selected Cesium Beam Clock with Optical Detection. Review of Scientific Instruments, 92, Article ID: 033001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Kaczorowska, M.A. (2024) Novel and Sustainable Materials for the Separation of Lithium, Rubidium, and Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions in Adsorption Processes—A Review. Materials, 17, Article No. 6158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Zhang, M., Yun, J.S., Ma, Q., Zheng, J., Lau, C.F.J., Deng, X., et al. (2017) High-Efficiency Rubidium-Incorporated Perovskite Solar Cells by Gas Quenching. ACS Energy Letters, 2, 438-444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[10] Liu, D., Peng, H., Zeng, H. and Sa, R. (2021) A Promising All-Inorganic Double Perovskite Rb2TiBr6 for Photovoltaic Applications: Insight from First-Principles Calculations. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 303, Article ID: 122473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[11] Ivanova, Z.G., Zavadil, J., Kostka, P., Djouama, T. and Reinfelde, M. (2017) Photoluminescence Properties of Er‐Doped Ge-In(Ga)-S Glasses Modified by Caesium Halides. Physica Status Solidi (b), 254, Article ID: 1600662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[12] Haider, M.H., Dummer, N.F., Zhang, D., Miedziak, P., Davies, T.E., Taylor, S.H., et al. (2012) Rubidium-and Caesium-Doped Silicotungstic Acid Catalysts Supported on Alumina for the Catalytic Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein. Journal of Catalysis, 286, 206-213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[13] Xu, X.L., Singh, H.P., Wang, L., Qi, D., Poulos, B.K., Abramson, D.H., et al. (2014) Rb Suppresses Human Cone-Precursor-Derived Retinoblastoma Tumours. Nature, 514, 385-388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Lu, J., Dreisinger, D., McElroy, R., Oloman, C., Downing, B. and Trueman, D. (2022) Cesium Extraction from the Taron Deposit. Hydrometallurgy, 210, Article ID: 105823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[15] Pitz, G.A., Stalnaker, D.M., Guild, E.M., Oliker, B.Q., Moran, P.J., Townsend, S.W., et al. (2016) Advancements in Flowing Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers. SPIE Proceedings, 9729, Article ID: 972902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[16] 毛景文, 袁顺达, 谢桂青, 等. 21世纪以来中国关键金属矿产找矿勘查与研究新进展[J]. 矿床地质, 2019, 38(5): 935-969.
[17] 梅燕雄, 裴荣富, 魏然, 等. 关键矿产与能源资源安全[J]. 中国矿业, 2022, 31(11): 1-8.
[18] 赵亮, 王蒙蒙, 夏永高, 等. 铷和铯离子的分离提取技术研究进展[J]. 盐湖研究, 2024, 32(5): 1-9.
[19] U.S. Geological Survey (2025) Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025. USGS.
[20] 张秀峰, 张锦程, 谭秀民, 等. 从矿石中提取铷铯的研究综述[J]. 盐湖研究, 2024, 32(5): 89-96.
[21] 王云生, 郭娟, 刘喜方, 等. 中国铷铯资源、提取技术与开发利用研究[J]. 地球学报, 2024, 45(5): 823-829.
[22] 李峥岩, 侯殿保, 常宏, 等. 中国铷铯资源类型、分布、矿床成因、富集规律及分离提取技术研究进展[J]. 中国矿业, 2025, 34(2): 265-283.
[23] 闫明, 钟辉, 张艳. 卤水中分离提取铷、铯的研究进展[J]. 盐湖研究, 2006, 14(3): 67-72.
[24] Yan, Q.X., Li, X.H., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Guo, H., Hu, Q., et al. (2012) Extraction of Valuable Metals from Lepidolite. Hydrometallurgy, 117, 116-118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[25] 刘磊, 马保中, 王成彦, 等. 铷的应用及提取工艺研究进展[J]. 有色金属科学与工程, 2022, 13(5): 8-15.
[26] Chen, Y., Wen, J.K., Song, Y.S, Li, W., Liu, S. and Liu, Y. (2022) Mineralogical Characteristics of Pegmatite Tailings and Beneficiation Assessment of Pollucite in Recovering Cesium. Minerals, 12, Article No. 541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[27] London, D. (2024) The Tanco Pegmatite at Bernic Lake Manitoba, Canada. Rocks & Minerals, 99, 60-77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] 张霜华. 浅谈拓宽我国铷铯的应用领域[J]. 新疆有色金属, 1998(2): 43-47.
[29] 孙映祥, 林博磊. 国内外铷资源开发利用研究及政策建议[J]. 中国矿业, 2019, 28(11): 41-43.
[30] Jandová, J., Dvořák, P., Formánek, J. and Vu, H.N. (2012) Recovery of Rubidium and Potassium Alums from Lithium-Bearing Minerals. Hydrometallurgy, 119, 73-76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[31] Zeng, Q., Huang, L.M., Ouyang, D.X., Hu, Y., Zhong, H. and He, Z. (2019) Process Optimization on the Extraction of Rubidium from Rubidium-Bearing Biotite. Minerals Engineering, 137, 87-93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[32] Shan, Z.Q., Shu, X.Q., Feng, J.F. and Zhou, W. (2013) Modified Calcination Conditions of Rare Alkali Metal Rb‐Containing Muscovite (KAl2[AlSi3O10](OH)2). Rare Metals, 32, 632-635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[33] Xing, P., Wang, C., Ma, B., Wang, L., Zhang, W. and Chen, Y. (2018) Rubidium and Potassium Extraction from Granitic Rubidium Ore: Process Optimization and Mechanism Study. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 4922-4930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[34] 郭秀红, 郑绵平, 刘喜方, 等. 西藏盐湖卤水铯资源及其开发利用前景[J]. 盐业与化工, 2008, 37(3): 8-13.
[35] 王斌, 吉远辉, 张建平, 等. 盐湖Rb、Cs资源提取分离的研究进展[J]. 南京工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 30(5): 104-110.
[36] Kesler, S.E., Gruber, P.W., Medina, P.A., Keoleian, G.A., Everson, M.P. and Wallington, T.J. (2012) Global Lithium Resources: Relative Importance of Pegmatite, Brine and Other Deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 48, 55-69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[37] Epstein, J.A. (1976) Utilization of the Dead Sea Minerals (a Review). Hydrometallurgy, 2, 1-10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[38] 卢智. 平落坝构造海相深层卤水中铷分离提取技术研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2011.
[39] 高丹丹. 油气田卤水中铷、铯的分离提取[D]: [博士学位论文]. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2011.
[40] 郑绵平, 王秋霞, 多吉. 水热成矿新类型——西藏铯硅华矿床[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 1995.
[41] 孙海霞, 保英莲, 曹红翠, 等. 青海盐湖卤水铷铯资源及分析方法研究进展[J]. 广东化工, 2012, 39(4): 11-12.
[42] 邓飞跃, 尹桃秀, 甘文文, 等. 锂云母提锂母液中钾铷铯的综合利用[J]. 矿业工程, 1999, 19(1): 50-52.
[43] 曹欢, 赵笑益, 吴天骄, 等. 锂云母提锂副产物分段除杂-萃取回收铷铯[J]. 矿冶, 2025, 34(3): 464-470.
[44] Zhou, L.B., Yuan, T.C., Li, R.D., Zhong, Y. and Lei, X. (2015) Extraction of Rubidium from Kaolin Clay Waste: Process Study. Hydrometallurgy, 158, 61-67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[45] Zheng, S., Li, P., Tian, L., Cao, Z., Zhang, T., Chen, Y., et al. (2016) A Chlorination Roasting Process to Extract Rubidium from Distinctive Kaolin Ore with Alternative Chlorinating Reagent. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 157, 21-27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[46] Wang, J.L. and Zhuang, S.T. (2019) Removal of Cesium Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Various Separation Technologies. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 18, 231-269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[47] 宝阿敏, 钱志强, 郑红, 等. 铷、铯的分离提取方法及其研究进展[J]. 应用化工, 2017, 46(7): 1377-1382.
[48] 葛飞, 李雷明, 姜莹莹, 等. 专利视角下铷铯分离技术研究现状分析和评述[J]. 应用化工, 2023, 52(2): 639-645.
[49] Fang, D.Z., Wang, Y.P., Liu, H.N., Zhang, H., Ye, X., Li, Q., et al. (2021) Efficient Extraction of Rb+ and Cs+ by a Precipitation Flotation Process with Ammonium Phosphowolframate as Precipitant. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 608, Article ID: 125581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[50] Li, K., Yin, Z.C., Dong, J., Xu, L., Liu, Y., Ma, R., et al. (2023) Separation of Cs+ from Rb+ and Cs+ Co-Existing Solution by Cs3Bi2I9 Precipitation to Produce CsI. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 197, 372-379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[51] 杨志红, 杨磊, 丁有钱, 等. 沉淀法分离Cs和Rb的研究[J]. 核化学与放射化学, 2004, 26(2): 95-98.
[52] Rajec, P. and Domianová, K. (2008) Cesium Exchange Reaction on Natural and Modified Clinoptilolite Zeolites. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 275, 503-508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[53] 王颖, 张雨山, 黄西平. 重稀碱金属铯分离提取技术的研究进展[J]. 化学工业与工程, 2010, 27(5): 457-464.
[54] Browning, P.E. and Spencer, S.R. (1916) On the Separation of Caesium and Rubidium by the Fractional Crystallization of the Aluminium and Iron Alums and Its Application to the Extraction of These Elements from Their Mineral Sources. American Journal of Science, 4, 279-281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[55] 王兴磊, 李芳, 孙都成. 酸分级结晶法分离稀土镧铈[J]. 化工技术与开发, 2009, 38(9): 11-14.
[56] 盛怀禹. 钾、铷、铯萃取化学[J]. 有机化学, 1979(1): 118-147.
[57] 陈尚清, 石健, 史振, 等. 溶剂萃取法从卤水中提取铷、铯研究进展[J]. 盐科学与化工, 2017, 46(6): 45-49.
[58] Li, Z., Pranolo, Y., Zhu, Z. and Cheng, C.Y. (2017) Solvent Extraction of Cesium and Rubidium from Brine Solutions Using 4-Tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)-phenol. Hydrometallurgy, 171, 1-7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[59] 朱军, 郭梅, 徐翌童, 等. 锂云母提锂废液中的铷铯分离及t-BAMBP萃铯机理[J]. 有色金属工程, 2022, 12(6): 83-90.
[60] 康敏, 赵笑益, 王望治, 等. 萃取法从高盐废液中分离铷铯并制备氯化铯产品[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2022(4): 61-66.
[61] Ross, W.J. and White, J.C. (1964) Determination of Cesium and Rubidium after Extraction with 4-sec-butyl-2(α-methylbenzyl)phenol. Analytical Chemistry, 36, 1998-2000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[62] Wang, J.W., Che, D.H. and Qin, W. (2015) Extraction of Rubidium by t-BAMBP in Cyclohexane. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 23, 1110-1113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[63] Xing, P., Wang, G.D., Wang, C.Y., Ma, B. and Chen, Y. (2018) Separation of Rubidium from Potassium in Rubidium Ore Liquor by Solvent Extraction with t-BAMBP. Minerals Engineering, 121, 158-163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[64] Egan, B.Z., Zingaro, R.A. and Benjamin, B.M. (1965) Extraction of Alkali Metals by 4-Sec-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol (BAMBP). Inorganic Chemistry, 4, 1055-1061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[65] Arnold, W.D., Crouse, D.J. and Brown, K.B. (1965) Solvent Extraction of Cesium (and Rubidium) from Ore Liquors with Substituted Phenols. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 4, 249-254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[66] 陈正炎, 赵炜, 王秀香. t-BAMBP联合萃取铷铯[J]. 稀有金属, 1992, 16(2): 81-85.
[67] 胡莉茵, 陈正炎, 程步升. t-BAMBP萃取分离铷、铯工艺研究[J]. 稀有金属, 1988, 12(3): 196-203.
[68] 王武尚, 侯瑞琴, 陈莉云. t-BAMBP萃取色谱法分离铷、铯的研究[J]. 核化学与放射化学, 1999, 21(2): 110-114.
[69] 李仲清. t-BAMBP的合成研究[J]. 精细与专用化学品, 2005, 13(12): 20-21.
[70] 阳卫军, 刘和辉, 罗喜生, 等. t-BAMBP的催化合成及精馏纯化研究[J]. 湖南大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 39(5): 69-72.
[71] Rais, J., Krtil, J. and Chotívka, V. (1971) Extraction and Separation of 137Cs and 86Rb by Means of 4-T-butyl-2(α-methylbenzyl)phenol. Talanta, 18, 213-218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[72] 王威, 曹耀华, 高照国, 等. 铷、铯分离提取技术研究进展[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2013(4): 54-58.
[73] 张石明, 李玉哲, 车玉思, 等. 铷、铯金属的制备技术与应用研究进展[J]. 稀有金属与硬质合金, 2022, 50(3): 7-14.
[74] Egan, B.Z. and Arnold, W.D. (1966) The Purity, Properties, and Analytical Determination of 4-Sec-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol. Analytical Chemistry, 38, 950-952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[75] 肖艳, 王武尚, 李华. 氯铝酸离子液体催化合成t-BAMBP [J]. 核化学与放射化学, 2010, 32(2): 93-98.
[76] Roddy, J.W. and Coleman, C.F. (1973) Investigation of Intermolecular Association of 4-Sec-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol (BAMBP) by Use of Dielectric and Isopiestic Measurements. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 35, 4271-4278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[77] Zingaro, R.A. and Coleman, C.F. (1967) Synergism and Diluent Effects in the Extraction of Cesium by 4-Sec-butyl-2-(α-Methylbenzyl)phenol (BAMBP). Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 29, 1287-1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[78] Rodionova, G.S., Alekseeva, V.V. and Starostin, V.V. (1970) On the Effect of the Structure of Certain Phenols on the Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium. Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 15, 170-178. (In Russian)
[79] Koyama, M., Tochiyama, O. and Fujinaga, T. (1971) The Extraction of the Cesium Ion with Some Nitrophenols into Nitrobenzene. I. Distribution Studies. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 44, 1591-1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[80] Horner, D.E., Crouse, D.J. and Brown, K.B. (1965) Extraction of Cesium from Aqueous Solution Using Phenols. US 3179503.
[81] 盛怀禹. 锂、铷、铯萃取化学[J]. 稀有金属, 1983, 2(1): 60-66.
[82] Tochiyama, O., Koyama, M. and Fujinaga, T. (1971) The Extraction of the Cesium Ion with Some Nitrophenols into Nitrobenzene. II. Homoconjugation Studies by Means of Conductivity Measurements. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 44, 3028-3032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[83] 刘瑞明. 取代酚类萃取剂的结构修饰及对铷、铯萃取性能的研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2016.
[84] 杨玲, 王林生, 赖华生, 等. 不同稀释剂中t-BAMBP萃取铷铯的研究[J]. 稀有金属, 2011, 35(4): 627-632.
[85] 李瑞琴, 刘成林. t-BAMBP萃取法提取卤水中铷、铯及影响因素分析[J]. 盐业与化工, 2014, 43(1): 17-19.
[86] Chen, Z. and Chen, F. (1995) Study on Related Factors of t-BAMBP Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 19, 245-247.
[87] 陈正炎, 陈富珍. t-BAMBP萃取铷、铯反应机理及热力学函数研究[J]. 稀有金属, 1995, 19(5): 331-333.
[88] Xing, P., Wang, C.Y., Chen, Y. and Ma, B. (2021) Rubidium Extraction from Mineral and Brine Resources: A Review. Hydrometallurgy, 203, Article ID: 105644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[89] 王国栋, 邢鹏, 王成彦. t-BAMBP萃取钾铷机理研究[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2018(4): 39-41.
[90] Pang, D.K., Zhang, Z.H., Zhou, Y.Q., Fu, Z., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) The Process and Mechanism for Cesium and Rubidium Extraction with Saponified 4-Tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) Phenol. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 46, 31-39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[91] Fox, J.J. and Martin, A.E. (1937) Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra-Absorption of Some Hydroxy Compounds in the Region of 3 μ. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A—Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 162, 419-441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[92] Coggeshall, N.D. (1947) Infrared Spectroscopic Investigations of Hydrogen Bonding in Hindered and Unhindered Phenols. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 69, 1620-1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[93] 徐光宪, 袁承业. 稀土的溶剂萃取[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2010.
[94] 赵琳. t-BAMBP萃取铷的热力学、动力学及连续萃取放大试验[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2016.
[95] 刘雪颖, 杨锦瑜, 陈晓伟, 等. t-BAMBP分离铷钾萃取机理及热力学函数研究[J]. 核化学与放射化学, 2007, 29(3): 151-155.
[96] Lv, Y.W., Ma, B.Z., Liu, Y.B., Wang, C., Zhang, W. and Chen, Y. (2022) Selective Extraction of Cesium from High Concentration Rubidium Chloride Leach Liquor of Lepidolite. Desalination, 530, Article ID: 115673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[97] 冯振华, 安莲英, 汪本高. 4-甲基-2-(α-甲基苄基)酚铷钾萃取反应机理及热力学研究[J]. 化学工程, 2018, 46(2): 10-13, 57.
[98] You, Z.G., Wang, S.Y., Li, J.S., et al. (2016) Extraction of Trace Rubidium and Its Thermodynamic Functions by t-BAMBP in Alkaline System. Journal of Salt Lake Research, 24, 38-42.
[99] 孙瑞毅, 谢宇, 徐国栋, 等. 新型有机膦酸类萃取剂P355和P227-355萃取分离重稀土性能研究[J]. 中国稀土学报, 2025, 43(1): 1-10.
[100] Huang, D., Zheng, H., Li, B. and Ma, G. (2018) Extraction Kinetics of Rubidium in Brine Solutions by 4-Tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol/Sulfonated Kerosene Using a Single Drop Method. Chemical Physics Letters, 713, 105-110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[101] Anesi, P.R. and Chiarizia, R. (1980) CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. CRC Press.
[102] 尤志刚, 王舒娅, 李波, 等. t-BAMBP萃取微量铷的基础研究[J]. 化学试剂, 2015, 37(2): 161-164.
[103] Chen, W.S., Lee, C.H., Chung, Y.F., Tien, K., Chen, Y. and Chen, Y. (2020) Recovery of Rubidium and Cesium Resources from Brine of Desalination through t-BAMBP Extraction. Metals, 10, Article No. 607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[104] Liu, S.M., Liu, H.H., Huang, Y.J. and Yang, W. (2015) Solvent Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Salt Lake Brine with t-BAMBP-Kerosene Solution. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 25, 329-334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[105] 吴建江. 萃取法从高盐废液中分离铷铯并制备氯化铯的研究[J]. 新疆有色金属, 2023, 46(6): 63-65.
[106] Wang, Y.L., Huang, C., Li, F.J., Dong, Y., Zhao, Z. and Sun, X. (2016) The Development of Sustainable Yttrium Separation Process from Rare Earth Enrichments Using Bifunctional Ionic Liquid. Separation and Purification Technology, 162, 106-113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[107] 秦玉楠. 新型AMOP/SiO2离子交换剂的制备及应用[J]. 中国钼业, 2001, 25(5): 19-20.
[108] 曹冬梅, 张雨山, 高春娟, 等. 提铷技术研究进展[J]. 盐业与化工, 2011, 40(5): 44-47.
[109] 马生财, 邵传兵, 鲁兴武. 复杂铷浸出液提纯试验[J]. 有色金属(冶炼部分), 2020(7): 41-45.
[110] Xie, J., Li, K., Shi, Z., Min, C., Li, S., Yin, Z., et al. (2023) Separation of Cesium and Rubidium from Solution with High Concentrations of Potassium and Sodium. Separations, 10, Article 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[111] 闫树旺, 唐明林, 邓天龙, 等. 卤水中铷铯的分离与提取[J]. 矿物岩石, 1993, 13(2): 113-119.
[112] 张利珍, 张永兴, 张秀峰, 等. 采用氯化焙烧-水浸工艺综合提取锂铷铯[J]. 无机盐工业, 2019, 51(10): 48-50.
[113] Wang, J.L., Hu, H.Z. and Wu, K.Q. (2020) Extraction of Lithium, Rubidium and Cesium from Lithium Porcelain Stone. Hydrometallurgy, 191, Article ID: 105233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[114] Zhang, X.F., Chen, Z.C., Rohani, S., He, M., Tan, X. and Liu, W. (2022) Simultaneous Extraction of Lithium, Rubidium, Cesium and Potassium from Lepidolite via Roasting with Iron(II) Sulfate Followed by Water Leaching. Hydrometallurgy, 208, Article ID: 105820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[115] 鲁奥林, 张贵清, 曾理, 等. 锂云母提锂副产物铷铯矾中铷铯的回收研究[J]. 稀有金属与硬质合金, 2022, 50(1): 16-22.
[116] 杨晓凤, 李沐晴, 马昱昭, 等. 从锂云母中分离提取锂、铷、铯方法的研究进展[J]. 中国材料进展, 2025, 44(7): 684-693.
[117] 毛我强, 郭江凤, 贾文豪, 等. 锂云母冶炼提锂及铷、铯协同回收研究进展[J]. 有色金属(选矿部分), 2026(3): 34-45.
[118] 安莲英, 宋晋, 卢智, 等. t-BAMBP萃取分离高钾卤水中的铷[J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2010(10): 14-17.
[119] 程鑫雨, 时东, 张禹泽, 等. t-BAMBP-P204协同体系萃取盐湖卤水中的铯[J]. 盐湖研究, 2024, 32(5): 66-75.
[120] Lu, Y.N., Liu, K.Y., Zhang, J.J., Liao, H.W., Chen, J.H. and Wang, Y. (2026) Mechanism of Synergistic Enhancement in Cesium Extraction by Organophosphorus Extractants and 4-Tert-Butyl-2-(α-Methylbenzyl) Phenol under Weak Alkaline Conditions. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials.
[121] Ai, H., Ma, L., Ma, Y., Xi, X., Nie, Z., Nan, D., et al. (2026) Selective Recovery of Cesium and Rubidium from Lepidolite Waste Liquid after Lithium Extraction: A Novel Extraction System of t-BAMBP-TiOA Based on Affinity Regulation. Hydrometallurgy, 242, Article ID: 106684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[122] Liu, R.M., Gao, D.D., Dong, Y.P., et al. (2016) Synthesis of 4-Tert-Amyl-2-(α-Methylbenzyl) Phenol. Industrial Catalysis, 24, 72-75. (In Chinese)
[123] 蒋颖. t-BAMBP的合成及其副产物的铷铯萃取性能研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2014.
[124] Carré, P., Piofczyk, T. and Bothe, S. (2025) Solvent Solutions: Comparing Extraction Methods for Edible Oils and Proteins in a Changing Regulatory Landscape. Part 7: Overall Comparison between Solvent Solutions. OCL, 32, Article No. 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[125] Wang, S.J., Xiao, J., Yuan, F., Li, L., Guo, Y., Xie, Y., et al. (2022) Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagram of the Ternary System (NaNO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) and Its Application for Cesium Nitrate Separation. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 165, Article ID: 106650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[126] Zeng, Y., Wang, K., Tong, H., Lv, X., He, Y. and Yu, X. (2022) Stable-Phase Diagram of the Quaternary Water-Salt System K+, Rb+, Cs+//SO2– 4-H2O at t = 323.2 K. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 67, 491-499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[127] Chen, X.L. and Hu, W.P. (2024) Direct and Efficient in Situ Rubidium Extraction from Potassium Chloride Salts. Nature Sustainability, 7, 1672-1680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[128] Fan, Y.F., Gao, D.D., Li, D.D. and Zeng, D. (2025) Dissolution and Recrystallization of Alum to Separate Cesium, Rubidium and Potassium Using Their Different Precipitation Kinetics to Reach Higher Purity than Solubility Equilibria Based Purity of MAl(SO4)2 (M = Cs, Rb, K). Hydrometallurgy, 233, Article ID: 106454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 

为你推荐