中老年就业意愿的扎根理论研究——基于南京市深度访谈资料的质性分析

A Grounded Theory Study on the Employment Willingness of Middle-Aged and Older Adults—A Qualitative Analysis Based on In-Depth Interview Data from Nanjing

摘要: 在人口老龄化时代背景下，中老年群体的就业意愿已成为影响劳动力市场供给与社会参与的关键因素。研究基于扎根理论，运用深度访谈法收集22位中老年个体的就业意愿相关资料，通过开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码进行系统分析，共获得156个初始概念、17个初始范畴和5个主范畴，构建了“推阻整合模型”。研究发现，中老年就业意愿受经济驱动、价值实现、健康约束、技能适配、社会支持五个核心范畴的共同影响，其中经济驱动与价值实现构成推力系统，健康约束与技能适配构成阻力系统，社会支持发挥调节作用。不同群体在就业意愿上呈现显著异质性，低龄、高技能、健康状况良好的中老年群体意愿较强，而高龄、低技能、慢性病群体意愿明显不足。与此同时，当前存在调节系统被低估的问题。基于上述结论，研究提出完善弹性就业机制、加强适老化技能培训、构建社会支持网络等建议，为激发中老年人力资源活力、促进积极老龄化提供实证依据与实践参考。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of population aging, the employment willingness of middle-aged and older adults has become a key factor affecting labor supply and social participation. Based on grounded theory, this study collected data on employment willingness from 22 middle-aged and older individuals through in-depth interviews and conducted systematic analysis using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. A total of 156 initial concepts, 17 initial categories, and 5 main categories were obtained, leading to the construction of a “Push-Barrier Integration Model.” The findings reveal that employment willingness is jointly influenced by five core categories: economic drive, value realization, health constraints, skill matching, and social support. Economic drive and value realization constitute a push system, while health constraints and skill matching form a resistance system, with social support playing a moderating role. Significant heterogeneity exists across different groups: younger, highly skilled, and healthier middle-aged and older adults exhibit stronger willingness, whereas older, low-skilled, and chronically ill groups show notably lower willingness. At the same time, the moderating role of social support tends to be underestimated in current practice. Based on these findings, the study proposes improving flexible employment mechanisms, strengthening age-appropriate skill training, and building social support networks, thereby providing empirical evidence and practical references for stimulating the human resource vitality of middle-aged and older adults and promoting active aging.