生存与权力：现代西方人本哲学的意志论维度探赜——从叔本华、尼采到存在主义

Survival and Power: Exploring the Volitional Dimension of Modern Western Humanistic Philosophy—From Schopenhauer and Nietzsche to Existentialism

摘要: 意志论是现代西方哲学思潮由传统理性主义转向人本主义的理论内核，显示出人性理论消解古典体系的发展主线，其中以叔本华生存意志论与尼采权力意志论为关键节点。叔本华通过改造康德形而上学，确立了意志在自我生存中直接被认识的根本属性，致力构建非理性主义的感性表象世界。尼采将叔本华意志论进一步极端化，并在后来对其进行彻底批判，以权力意志对人的内在冲动进行价值重估。叔本华与尼采意志论成为存在主义这一人本思潮高峰的思想先驱。

Abstract: Voluntarism is the theoretical core of the modern Western philosophical trend, which has shifted from traditional rationalism to humanism. It demonstrates the main development line of human nature theory in dissolving the classical system, with Schopenhauer’s theory of the will to live and Nietzsche’s theory of the will to power as key nodes. Schopenhauer established the fundamental attribute of will being directly recognized in self-existence by transforming Kant’s metaphysics, and devoted himself to constructing an irrationalist perceptual representation world. Nietzsche further radicalized Schopenhauer’s voluntarism and later thoroughly criticized it, reevaluating the value of human inner impulses through the will to power. Schopenhauer’s and Nietzsche’s voluntarism became the ideological precursors of existentialism, the peak of humanistic thought.