《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中自然观的理论来源及其意义

Theoretical Origin and Significance of the View of Nature in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: 在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)当中，马克思的自然观呈现出两种不同的自然认识，施密特称之为马克思自然观中“隐蔽的自然思辨”，其源自马克思对费尔巴哈、黑格尔各自不同的自然观思想的理解，马克思的自然观对二者进行了批判的吸收和融合，不仅实现了对费尔巴哈和黑格尔的自然观思想的超越，也为后来的唯物史观的形成奠定了基础。马克思的自然观对《手稿》中异化理论的形成也起到了非常重要的影响，在《手稿》中，马克思对异化的理解经历明显转向，其思想逻辑与自然观的建构路径表现出显著的内在关联。马克思的自然观对费尔巴哈和黑格尔思想的辩证融合，也为异化理论的建构提供了前提。

Abstract: In the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (hereinafter referred to as the Manuscripts), Marx formed two different interpretations of nature in his view of nature, which Alfred Schmidt called the “hidden natural speculation”. This idea stems from Marx’s study of Feuerbach’s and Hegel’s different theories on nature. By critically absorbing and combining their thoughts, Marx surpassed their views of nature and paved the way for the emergence of the materialist conception of history. Marx’s view of nature also greatly influenced the formation of the theory of alienation in the Manuscripts. His comprehension of alienation experienced an obvious turn, following the same ideological logic as the construction of his view of nature. The dialectical integration of Feuerbach and Hegel’s thoughts in his view of nature also laid the groundwork for the theory of alienation.