从“抽象的人”到“现实的人”：数字时代劳动主体性问题研究

From “Abstract Man” to “Real Man”: A Study on Labor Subjectivity in the Digital Age

摘要: 马克思关于人的本质的探索，经历了从“精神抽象的人”到“感性抽象的类本质之人”到“现实的人”的三阶段演进，最终在历史唯物主义视域中确立了以实践和社会关系为根基的科学人学范式。马克思指出，“人的本质不是单个人所固有的抽象物，在其现实性上，它是一切社会关系的总和”。这意味着人的本质不是先验生成的，而是在历史性的社会实践与社会关系中不断生成和发展的。步入数字经济时代，数字劳动、虚拟社交与算法管控重塑了“现实的人”的生存方式，也催生出更为隐蔽的主体性困境。本文以马克思“现实的人”思想为理论基石，以异化劳动理论为核心分析框架，系统考察数字劳动背景下“现实的人”遭遇的主体性困境，并在此基础上探索主体性复归的可能路径。

Abstract: Marx’s exploration of the essence of man underwent a three-stage evolution—from “spiritually abstract man” to “sensuously abstract man of species-essence” to “real man”—ultimately establishing, within the horizon of historical materialism, a scientific paradigm of human studies grounded in practice and social relations. Marx pointed out that “the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations.” This implies that the essence of man is not a priori given, but rather continuously generated and developed through historical social practice and social relations. With the advent of the digital economy, digital labor, virtual social interaction, and algorithmic control have reshaped the mode of existence of “real man,” giving rise to more concealed predicaments of subjectivity. Taking Marx’s thought on “real man” as the theoretical foundation and the theory of alienated labor as the core analytical framework, this paper systematically examines the predicaments of subjectivity encountered by “real man” in the context of digital labor, and on this basis explores possible paths for the restoration of subjectivity.