新过失论视角下医疗事故罪中结果预见义务之限制

The Limitation of the Result Foreseeability Duty in the Crime of Medical Accident: From the Perspective of the New Negligence Theory

摘要: 随着医疗科技发展，医疗事故引发的过失犯罪问题日益凸显，我国《刑法》第三百三十五条将医疗事故罪单独定罪，但其规定较为抽象，司法实践中采用传统四要件理论及旧过失论，导致“严重不负责任”认定模糊，引发处罚范围不当扩大或司法回避等问题。以新过失论为理论基础，从主客观双层结构重构注意义务是解决传统理论在医疗事故罪注意义务认定中的缺陷的途径。其中，依据“被允许的风险理论”对结果预见义务的标准与对象进行明确和限制，可以有效实现对医疗过失行为的科学认定。

Abstract: With the development of medical technology, the issue of negligence crimes arising from medical accidents has become increasingly prominent. Article 335 of the Criminal Law of China establishes the Crime of Medical Accident as an independent offense, yet its provisions are relatively abstract. In judicial practice, the application of the traditional four-element crime constitution theory and the old negligence theory has led to ambiguous identification of “gross negligence”, resulting in problems such as improper expansion of the punishment scope or judicial evasion of such cases. Based on the new negligence theory, reconstructing the duty of care from the dual subjective-objective structure is a feasible approach to resolve the defects of traditional theories in identifying the duty of care for the Crime of Medical Accident. Specifically, clarifying and restricting the criteria and objects of the duty of result foreseeability under the framework of the “theory of allowed risk” can effectively realize the scientific and standardized identification of medical negligence.