超级电容器负极材料研究进展

A Research Progress on Anode Materials for Supercapacitors

摘要: 超级电容器凭借高功率密度与长循环寿命在储能领域占据重要地位，但负极材料研发滞后已成为制约其能量密度提升的关键瓶颈。本文系统综述了碳基、金属基(过渡金属氧化物、过渡金属硫/硒化物、MXenes)、以及MOF/COF衍生物等负极材料体系的研究进展，从储能机制、性能特征与改性策略三方面展开论述。碳基材料以双电层储能为基，通过孔结构工程与杂原子掺杂实现高功率与长循环；过渡金属氧化物经纳米结构设计与碳复合克服导电性差与体积膨胀；过渡金属硫/硒化物凭借异质结构构筑与阴离子掺杂提升本征导电性与结构稳定性；MXenes利用金属级导电性与可调表面官能团展现优异倍率性能；MOF/COF衍生物则凭借可设计拓扑结构与杂原子掺杂实现高比容量与能量密度。在此基础上，本文新增了综合比较与讨论章节，通过关键性能指标对比表格对各体系进行横向评估，总结了共性挑战，并从储能机制创新、多级结构精准调控、器件集成优化与可持续规模化制备四个方向提出展望，以期为高性能负极材料的理性设计提供参考。

Abstract: Supercapacitors occupy an important position in the field of energy storage due to their high power density and long cycle life. However, the lagging development of anode materials has become a key bottleneck restricting the improvement of their energy density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of anode material systems, including carbon-based, metal-based (transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides/selenides, MXenes), and MOF/COF derivatives, discussing them from three aspects: energy storage mechanism, performance characteristics, and modification strategies. Carbon-based materials are based on electric double-layer energy storage, achieving high power and long cycling through pore structure engineering and heteroatom doping. Transition metal oxides overcome poor conductivity and volume expansion through nanostructure design and carbon compositing. Transition metal sulfides/selenides enhance intrinsic conductivity and structural stability through heterostructure construction and anion doping. MXenes exhibit excellent rate performance by utilizing metal-level conductivity and tunable surface functional groups. MOF/COF derivatives achieve high specific capacity and energy density through designable topological structures and heteroatom doping. On this basis, this paper adds a comprehensive comparison and discussion section, providing a horizontal evaluation of each system through a table comparing key performance indicators, summarizing common challenges, and proposing prospects from four directions: innovation in energy storage mechanisms, precise control of multi-level structures, device integration optimization, and sustainable large-scale preparation, aiming to provide a reference for the rational design of high-performance anode materials.