历史唯物主义视域下人性善恶的重构与超越

Reconstruction and Transcendence of Good and Evil in Human Nature from the Perspective of Historical Materialism

摘要: 对人性善恶的追问，是古往今来、古今中外永恒的话题。传统中国社会以“性善论”为主流，西方国家以“性恶论”为主流，在如何认识人性、如何克服人性之恶、如何超越“善恶”等方面，也给出了不同的解答。中西社会在人性问题上的不同解答、不同选择，从当下看，影响着中国特色社会主义事业的发展，从长远看，则影响到人类文明未来的走向，人性问题绝不是无关紧要的问题。基于此，本研究立足历史唯物主义视角，从人性概念的理解出发，系统梳理中西人性观念的演进脉络与内在张力，批判吸收中华优秀传统文化与西方制度文明的优长，进而提出一条融合“社会规范(法治)、道德修养(儒家)与自然本真(道家)”的三维整合路径，旨在超越抽象的善恶二元对立，为推进人的自由全面发展提供理论参照。

Abstract: The inquiry into the goodness and evil of human nature is an eternal topic across history and civilizations. Traditional Chinese society takes the theory of innate goodness of human nature as the mainstream, while Western countries regard the theory of innate evil of human nature as the dominant view. The two sides have provided different answers to how to understand human nature, restrain the evil in human nature, and transcend the dichotomy of good and evil. The divergent understandings and choices regarding human nature between Chinese and Western societies affect the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the present era and will shape the future direction of human civilization in the long run. Therefore, the issue of human nature is by no means negligible. From the perspective of historical materialism, this study starts with the definition of human nature, systematically reviews the evolutionary context and internal tensions of Chinese and Western views on human nature, critically draws on the strengths of traditional Chinese culture and Western institutional civilization, and then proposes a three-dimensional integrated path integrating social norms (rule of law), Confucian moral self-cultivation and Taoist natural authenticity. It aims to transcend the abstract duality of good and evil and provide a theoretical reference for advancing the free and all-round development of human beings.