康德“绝对命令”与墨家“兼爱”思想的伦理互补及其当代价值

The Ethical Complementarity between Kant’s “Categorical Imperative” and Mohist “Universal Love” and Their Contemporary Value

摘要: 当代社会面临形式道德空洞与功利道德泛滥的双重伦理困境，现有研究对康德“绝对命令”与墨家“兼爱”的探讨多为单向阐释与表层对比，缺乏深度互释与现代重构。本文立足中西思想对话视角，综合运用比较研究法与问题导向法，系统梳理两大普遍伦理理论的内核特质，辨析价值共契与内在张力，探究会通与互补路径。研究认为，康德绝对命令确立了理性自律的纯粹形式伦理，却存在脱离现实的缺陷；墨家兼爱构建了普惠性实践伦理，具备极强社会落地性，但存在功利依附、自律缺失的不足。研究提出，以康德自律规范兼爱的功利偏向，以墨家普惠充盈绝对命令的形式空白，可构建兼具正当性与实践性的现代普遍伦理范式，为重塑当代人际正义、建设社会公共道德与建构全球伦理框架提供理论支持与实践指引。

Abstract: Contemporary society is faced with a dual ethical dilemma: hollow formal morality and rampant utilitarian morality. Current scholarship on Kant’s Categorical Imperative and Mohist universal love mostly consists of one-sided interpretations and superficial comparisons, without in-depth mutual interpretation and modern theoretical reconstruction. From the perspective of dialogue between Chinese and Western ideology, this paper combines comparative research and problem-oriented research methods to systematically sort out the core connotations of these two universal ethical theories, identify their value consensus and internal tensions, and explore avenues for their integration and mutual complementation. This study holds that Kant’s Categorical Imperative establishes a pure formal ethics centered on rational self-legislation, yet it suffers from the drawback of being divorced from real life. Mohist universal love creates an inclusive practical ethics with high applicability to social reality, yet it is hampered by overreliance on utilitarian logic and a lack of internal self-discipline. The paper proposes that restraining the utilitarian inclination of universal love through Kantian self-legislation, while filling the formal emptiness of the Categorical Imperative with the inclusive spirit of Mohism, can forge a modern universal ethical paradigm that balances normative legitimacy and practical operability. This paradigm offers theoretical backing and practical guidance for reshaping contemporary interpersonal justice, advancing social public morality, and constructing a global ethical framework.