生态环境损害赔偿磋商中赔偿义务人的权利保障

Rights Protection of Compensators in Ecological Environment Damage Compensation Consultation

摘要: 生态环境损害赔偿磋商中，赔偿义务人权利保障不足的问题日益凸显，直接影响到磋商的公平性与实效性。在功能主义“执法替代机制”的分析框架下，赔偿义务人的角色从传统执法的被管理者转变为修复责任的共同承担者，其知情权、参与权、异议权与救济权等权利也因此具有了不同于传统执法的内涵。然而，实践中鉴定评估由行政机关单方主导且费用高昂，侵害了义务人的知情权与财产权；磋商过程监督缺位，平等协商权难以落实；司法确认规则模糊，损害了义务人的可预期性权利。鉴于此，应建立以“协商共同委托”为优先路径的合作评估机制，强化检察机关与公众的全过程监督，并明确司法确认的管辖规则与实质审查标准，以推动磋商制度在效率与权利保障之间形成更为均衡的制度安排。

Abstract: In the consultation process of ecological environment damage compensation, the inadequate protection of compensators’ rights has become increasingly prominent, directly affecting the fairness and effectiveness of the consultation. Under the analytical framework of functionalist “law enforcement substitution mechanism”, the role of the compensator has shifted from being a regulated subject in traditional law enforcement to a co-responsible party for remediation. Consequently, their rights to information, participation, objection, and relief have acquired connotations distinct from those in traditional law enforcement. However, in practice, the identification and assessment process is unilaterally dominated by administrative authorities and involves high costs, infringing upon the compensator’s right to information and property rights. The consultation process lacks adequate supervision, making it difficult to realize the right to equal negotiation. Furthermore, the rules for judicial confirmation are ambiguous, undermining the compensator’s legitimate expectations. To address these issues, a cooperative assessment mechanism prioritizing “negotiated joint commissioning” should be established, the oversight by procuratorial authorities and the public throughout the process should be strengthened, and the jurisdictional rules and substantive review standards for judicial confirmation should be clarified, so as to promote a more balanced institutional arrangement between efficiency and rights protection in the consultation system.