激光测风雷达鉴频技术研究

Research on Frequency Identification Technology for Laser Wind Measurement Radar

摘要: 鉴频技术是直接探测激光测风雷达的关键环节，其任务是将大气回波中的微弱多普勒频移转换为可测量的光强变化，进而实现径向风速反演。鉴频器件的频率响应特性、锁定稳定性和环境适应能力，直接决定了系统的测风精度、探测高度和工程可实现性。本文围绕激光测风雷达鉴频技术的发展脉络与关键问题，首先概述了多普勒频移测量的基本原理及鉴频性能评价方法；随后对法布里–珀罗标准具、斐索干涉仪、马赫–曾德尔干涉仪、原子/分子吸收滤波以及微环谐振腔等主要和新兴技术路线进行了系统梳理；在此基础上，从科学目标、应用场景和系统集成需求出发，比较不同鉴频方案在灵敏度、动态范围、频率锁定、探测器匹配、平台适应性和工程复杂度方面的差异；进一步讨论鉴频器与激光器、探测器和反演算法之间的协同设计问题。最后，从技术成熟度、工程瓶颈和未来发展趋势角度，对直接探测测风激光雷达鉴频技术的选型逻辑和发展方向进行了评述。

Abstract: Frequency discrimination technology serves as a critical component in direct detection laser wind radar systems. Its primary function is to convert the weak Doppler frequency shifts in atmospheric echoes into measurable changes in optical intensity, thereby enabling radial wind speed inversion. The frequency response characteristics, locking stability, and environmental adaptability of frequency discrimination devices directly determine the wind measurement accuracy, detection altitude, and engineering feasibility of the system. This paper examines the developmental trajectory and key challenges of frequency discrimination technology in laser wind radars. It first outlines the fundamental principles of Doppler shift measurement and methods for evaluating frequency discrimination performance. Subsequently, it provides a systematic review of major and emerging technical approaches, including Fabry-Pelloux standards, Fizeau interferometers, Mach-Zehnder interferometers, atomic/molecular absorption filters, and microring resonant cavities. Building on this foundation, the paper compares different frequency discrimination schemes in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, frequency locking, detector matching, platform compatibility, and engineering complexity, based on scientific objectives, application scenarios, and system integration requirements. It further discusses the collaborative design considerations among frequency discriminators, lasers, detectors, and inversion algorithms. Finally, this paper evaluates the selection rationale and development direction of frequency discrimination technology for direct wind-measuring lidar from the perspectives of technical maturity, engineering bottlenecks, and future trends.