“(X)实在是”负面评价的规约化研究

A Study on the Conventionalization of Negative Evaluation in “(X) Shí Zài Shì”

摘要: “实在是”本来是表确认的评判性副词，但是在口语中可以独立使用表达负面立场。本文主要分析了“(x)实在是”的负面评价功能及其形成动因，其负面评价功能主要源于“实在”的主观极量义、语用省略以及回溯推理。同时还分析了其会话序列环境，得出其偏好分布在回应话轮，具有语境依赖。最后对比了“的确是”和“实在是”，同为评判性副词的“的确是”不具有负面评价功能，主要是因为“的确”和“实在”在句法、语义和语用上存在区别。

Abstract: “Shí zài shì” was originally an evaluative adverb expressing confirmation, but in spoken language, it can be used independently to convey a negative stance. This paper primarily analyzes the negative evaluation function of “(x) shí zài shì” and the motivations for its formation. This negative evaluation function mainly originates from the subjective maximal intensity meaning of “shí zài”, pragmatic ellipsis, and abductive inference. The study also examines its conversational sequence environment, revealing that it is preferentially distributed in responsive turns and is context-dependent. Finally, a comparison is made between “dí què shì” and “shí zài shì”. Although both are evaluative adverbs, “dí què shì” does not possess the function of negative evaluation, primarily due to syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic differences between “dí què” and “shí zài”.