双重脱嵌：劳动力外流视角下贵州民族空巢老人家庭养老困境与政策响应

Double Disembedding: The Family Elderly Care Dilemma and Policy Responses of Ethnic Empty-Nest Elders in Guizhou from the Perspective of Labor Outflow

摘要: 在城镇化加速与区域发展失衡的背景下，贵州民族村寨劳动力大规模外流已成常态，传统家庭养老模式面临前所未有的结构性挑战。本文基于“双重脱嵌”理论框架，揭示贵州民族村寨空巢老人面临的特殊困境：在空间脱嵌维度，代际分离导致日常照料体系瓦解、情感支持链条断裂；在制度脱嵌维度，少数民族特有的“养老文化丛”遭遇冲击，而正式社会保障体系尚未实现有效承接。研究发现，这一困境的本质是传统养老秩序已解组而现代养老秩序尚未建立的“制度间隙”问题。近年来，贵州各地探索的“邻里互助 + 片区联动”“智慧平台 + 网格探访”“社工驻点 + 志愿结对”等政策响应模式，为破解困局提供了本土化路径。本文提出，应从“替代性支持”转向“赋能型支持”，构建“家庭尽责、社区搭台、政府兜底、文化赋能”的四维治理体系，实现从碎片化干预到制度整合的范式转换。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of accelerated urbanization and regional development imbalance, large-scale outflow of labor force from ethnic villages in Guizhou has become the norm, posing unprecedented structural challenges to the traditional family-based elderly care model. Based on the theoretical framework of “double disembedding”, this paper reveals the special predicament faced by the elderly living alone in ethnic villages in Guizhou: in the dimension of spatial disembedding, the separation of generations leads to the collapse of the daily care system and the disruption of the emotional support chain; in the dimension of institutional disembedding, the unique “elderly care cultural complex” of ethnic minorities is under attack, while the formal social security system has not yet effectively taken over. The research finds that the essence of this predicament is the “institutional gap” problem where the traditional elderly care order has disintegrated but the modern one has yet to be established. In recent years, various policy response models such as “neighborhood mutual assistance + district linkage”, “smart platform + grid visits”, and “social worker presence + volunteer pairing” explored in different parts of Guizhou have provided localized paths to break the deadlock. This paper proposes that the focus should shift from “substitutive support” to “empowerment support”, and a four-dimensional governance system of “family responsibility, community platform, government safety net, and cultural empowerment” should be constructed to achieve a paradigm shift from fragmented intervention to institutional integration.