老龄化背景下老年人居住权问题研究

Research on the Residence Right of the Elderly under the Background of Aging

摘要: 我国已进入中度老龄化社会，实现老年人住有所居、尊严养老是积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要民生目标。《民法典》确立的居住权制度，为老年群体居住权益提供了物权化保障框架，但在实践中仍面临设立规则模糊、主客体界定不清、权利冲突协调机制缺失、权益救济不足等现实难题。传统“先转后设”“先设后转”两类居住权型以房养老模式，或存在产权安全风险，或与物权法理相冲突，难以适配我国养老现实与家庭伦理。本文立足老龄化社会结构与老年民生保障视角，结合司法实践与比较法经验，系统阐释老年人居住权的制度内涵、实践困境与深层成因，反思传统居住权养老模式的内在缺陷，构建老年人保留所有权、有偿转移居住权的新型以房养老模式，并从规则完善、程序优化、权利协调、风险防控、多元救济、立法衔接六个维度提出整体性优化路径，推动居住权制度与老龄化社会需求精准适配，为老年人居住权益提供稳定、可及、可持续的物权化保障，助力积极老龄化与老年友好型社会建设。

Abstract: China has entered a moderately aging society, and realizing adequate housing and dignified elderly care is a vital livelihood goal of the national strategy to actively respond to population aging. The right of residence established by the Civil Code provides a proprietary protection framework for the residential rights and interests of the elderly. However, in practice, it still faces practical dilemmas such as vague establishment rules, unclear definition of subject and object, lack of a coordination mechanism for right conflicts, and inadequate relief of rights and interests. The two traditional house-for-pension models based on the right of residence, namely “transfer first and establish later” and “establish first and transfer later”, either involve property right security risks or conflict with the jurisprudence of property law, making them difficult to adapt to China’s elderly care reality and family ethics. Based on the perspective of aging social structure and elderly livelihood security, combined with judicial practice and comparative law experience, this paper systematically explains the institutional connotation, practical dilemmas and deep-seated causes of the elderly’s right of residence, reflects on the inherent defects of the traditional residence-right-based elderly care model, and constructs a new house-for-pension model where the elderly retain ownership and transfer the right of residence for valuable consideration. Furthermore, it puts forward an overall optimization path from six dimensions: rule improvement, procedure optimization, right coordination, risk prevention and control, diversified relief, and legislative connection. The research aims to promote the precise adaptation of the residence right system to the needs of an aging society, provide stable, accessible and sustainable proprietary protection for the residential rights and interests of the elderly, and contribute to active aging and the construction of an elderly-friendly society.