供需之间：贵州山区农村养老服务的村级供给与个体需求匹配性研究——基于H县M村的田野调查

Between Supply and Demand: A Study on the Matching of Village-Level Provision and Individual Needs of Rural Elderly Care Services in Mountainous Areas of Guizhou—Based on a Field Survey in M Village, H County

摘要: 人口老龄化是我国当前及未来长期面临的基本国情，农村地区老龄化程度深、应对能力弱的问题尤为突出。已有研究多从宏观政策或机构养老角度讨论农村养老问题，对偏远山区村级养老服务供给与个体需求之间匹配关系的微观研究仍然不足。本研究以贵州省赫章县M村为田野点，通过村级问卷、15份农户问卷及深度访谈，考察偏远山区农村养老服务的“供给–需求”匹配问题。研究发现：在公共养老设施基本“空白”的背景下，村级供给处于“有心无力”的状态；老年人个体需求呈现清晰的年龄分层特征，且存在显著的需求表达隐匿性；供需之间在总量、结构、空间、认知四个维度均存在显著错位。在“结构–能动性”框架下审视，错位的根源在于宏观制度设计、村级组织能力、个体应对策略与文化观念之间形成了“供给不足 → 需求隐匿 → 制度性忽视 → 供给进一步萎缩”的再生产循环。改善偏远山区农村养老服务，需超越“设施建设”的单一路径，探索“家庭为本、社区为基、政策托底”的精准化供给模式。

Abstract: Population aging is a fundamental national condition China faces, with rural areas experiencing more severe aging yet weaker coping capacity. Most studies discuss rural elderly care from macro-policy or institutional perspectives, while micro-level research on the supply-demand matching in remote mountainous villages remains insufficient. Based on fieldwork in M Village, Hezhang County, Guizhou Province, using village questionnaires, 15 household questionnaires, and in-depth interviews, this study finds that against a near-total void in public care facilities, village-level provision is “willing but unable”; elderly individuals’ needs display clear age stratification and significant concealment of need expression; and supply-demand mismatches exist across four dimensions: quantity, structure, space, and cognition. Viewed through a “structure-agency” framework, these mismatches stem from a reproductive cycle of “insufficient supply → concealed demand → institutional neglect → further supply shrinkage.” Improving elderly care in remote mountainous areas requires moving beyond “facility construction” toward a precision supply model that is “family-based, community-grounded, and policy-underpinned.”