老年人精神慰藉水平的概念界定、量表开发与效度检验

Conceptual Definition, Scale Development, and Validity Testing of the Level of Spiritual Solace for the Elderly

摘要: 乡村空间重构改变了农村老年人的居住环境、社会交往和文化归属，精神慰藉水平成为理解其社会适应状况的重要视角。本文基于需求层次理论、ERG理论和联结性视角，界定农村老年人精神慰藉水平的概念内涵，并构建包含时间自主性、空间公共性、文化友好性、关系弹性化和生命价值感5个维度、25个题项的测量量表。基于甘肃省康县与凉州区528份老年人问卷数据，运用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析检验量表信效度。结果表明：量表整体Cronbach’s α为0.930，二阶验证性因子模型拟合良好，χ²/df为1.485，CFI为0.988，RMSEA为0.030；各维度聚合效度和区分效度均达到测量学要求。研究表明，该量表能够较好反映搬迁安置背景下农村老年人的精神慰藉水平，可为相关政策评估和后续实证研究提供测量工具。

Abstract: Rural spatial restructuring has changed the living environment, social interaction patterns, and cultural belonging of rural older adults, making spiritual consolation an important perspective for understanding their social adaptation. Based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, ERG theory, and the connectedness perspective, this study defines the conceptual connotation of spiritual consolation among rural older adults and develops a measurement scale consisting of five dimensions: temporal autonomy, spatial publicness, cultural friendliness, relational flexibility, and sense of life value. The scale includes 25 items. Using 528 questionnaire responses from older adults in Kang County and Liangzhou District, Gansu Province, this study tests the reliability and validity of the scale through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the overall Cronbach’s α of the scale is 0.930. The second-order confirmatory factor model demonstrates good fit, with χ²/df = 1.485, CFI = 0.988, and RMSEA = 0.030. The convergent validity and discriminant validity of all dimensions meet the requirements of psychometric measurement. The findings indicate that the scale can effectively reflect the spiritual consolation level of rural older adults in the context of relocation and resettlement, and can provide a measurement tool for policy evaluation and further empirical research.