我国劳动力市场就业难与用工荒的结构性张力——基于马克思主义资本积累理论

The Structural Tension between Employment Difficulties and Labor Shortages in China’s Labor Market—Based on Marx’s Theory of Capital Accumulation

摘要: 当下我国劳动力市场呈现出高校毕业生就业难与企业用工荒并存的矛盾态势，并成为重要的民生议题。文章以马克思资本积累与相对过剩人口理论为核心分析工具，运用政治经济学研究范式，对该矛盾的生成逻辑与成因进行系统性阐释。研究发现，资本积累作用下的产业结构升级与资本有机构成持续提高，是推动劳动力需求结构深刻调整的重要动因；高校人才培养模式滞后于现实需求，导致大量毕业生成为潜在的相对过剩人口，而企业对技能型劳动力再生产投入不足，则加剧了技能人才供给短缺。这种供需错配并非劳动力总量失衡，而是产业转型进程中供需结构适配不畅的阶段性表现，是劳动力需求侧与劳动力供给侧脱节的结果。基于此，文章提出，缓解该矛盾需立足实际情况，通过教育供给侧改革、强化企业培训主体责任、完善政府就业服务体系，构建适配高质量发展的劳动力再生产体系，实现劳动力市场供需的结构性适配。

Abstract: Currently, China’s labor market features a paradox: college graduates face employment difficulties while enterprises suffer from labor shortages, which has become a prominent livelihood issue. Adopting the political economy research paradigm and taking Marx’s theory of capital accumulation and relative surplus population as core analytical tools, this paper systematically expounds the generative logic and underlying causes of this contradiction. The study finds that capital accumulation-driven industrial upgrading and the rising organic composition of capital are core drivers of profound restructuring in labor demand. The lag of higher education talent cultivation behind practical demands renders many graduates a potential relative surplus population, while insufficient corporate investment in the reproduction of skilled labor power further exacerbates skilled worker shortages. This supply-demand mismatch is not an aggregate labor imbalance, but a phased manifestation of structural maladaptation amid industrial transformation, stemming from a disconnect between labor demand and supply. Accordingly, the paper argues that alleviating the contradiction must proceed from actual conditions: advancing education supply-side reforms, strengthening enterprises’ primary responsibility for training, and improving the government’s employment service system, so as to build a labor reproduction system compatible with high-quality development and achieve structural adaptation between labor supply and demand.