积极老龄化视域下老年人意定监护的社会支持体系研究

Research on the Social Support System for Elderly Persons’ Appointed Guardianship from the Perspective of Active Aging

摘要: 我国已进入中度老龄化社会，失能、失智老年人的社会照护与权益保障问题日益突出。意定监护制度作为尊重老年人自我决定权的一项社会政策创新，允许老年人在具备行为能力时预先选定未来的生活照料与财产管理人。然而，该制度在社会实践中面临诸多结构性困境：规定过于原则化，缺乏可操作的社会执行细则；监护人资格与职责边界模糊，社会信任基础薄弱；社会监督机制严重缺失；专业社会监护服务供给不足。这些问题的深层社会成因在于：现行政策忽视了意定监护作为老年人社会福利的社会法定位、监护协议中的实质平等社会关系、以及监护关系所蕴含的社会信任与责任伦理。有鉴于此，应通过出台专项社会政策、强化公证程序与协议示范文本、构建公私协同的双轨制社会监督机制、培育专业社会监护服务组织，并引入社会信任义务理念，系统释放意定监护制度在老年人社会权益保障中的潜能。

Abstract: China has entered a moderately aging society, where issues related to social care and rights protection for disabled and demented elderly individuals are increasingly prominent. The voluntary guardianship system, as an innovative social policy that respects the elderly’s right to self-determination, allows them to pre-select future caregivers and property managers when they possess behavioral capacity. However, this system faces numerous structural challenges in social practice: legal provisions are overly principled and lack operable social enforcement rules; the qualifications and responsibilities of guardians are unclear, and the foundation of social trust is weak; social supervision mechanisms are severely lacking; and the supply of professional social guardianship services is insufficient. The underlying social causes of these issues lie in the current policies neglecting the social law positioning of voluntary guardianship as social welfare for the elderly, the substantive equal social relationships in guardianship agreements, and the social trust and responsibility ethics inherent in guardianship relationships. In view of this, we should systematically unleash the potential of the voluntary guardianship system in safeguarding the social rights of the elderly by introducing special social policies, strengthening notarization procedures and model agreement texts, constructing a dual-track social supervision mechanism with public-private collaboration, cultivating professional social guardianship service organizations, and introducing the concept of social trust obligations.