乐山绿心公园不同生境鸟巢分布与筑巢特征

Nest Distribution and Nesting Characteristics of Birds in Different Habitats of Leshan Green Heart Park

摘要: 以乐山市绿心公园乔木绿化带、阔叶林、竹林3类生境为研究对象，采用样方调查法开展鸟巢实地调查，分析不同生境下鸟巢高度、数量分布、巢型结构、筑巢材质特征。研究结果表明：不同生境鸟巢高度和样方内鸟巢数量存在显著差异，阔叶林、竹林鸟巢高度显著高于乔木绿化带，乔木绿化带样方鸟巢数量显著多于阔叶林和竹林。研究区共记录鸟巢88个，共有球状巢、杯状巢、平盘巢3种巢型，筑巢材质分为木质、纤维2类。不同生境巢型构成差异明显，乔木绿化带以球状巢(57.14%)、杯状巢(42.86%)为主；阔叶林与竹林以平盘巢占优势，占比分别为59.09%和45.83%。筑巢材质组成也存在明显分异，乔木绿化带仅见纤维巢；阔叶林和竹林则以木质巢为主，占比分别为86.36%和91.67%，纤维巢占比较低。鸟巢高度与郁闭度、乔木高度、距步道距离呈显著正相关；样方鸟巢数量、球状巢数和郁闭度、乔木高度呈显著负相关；平盘巢、木质巢和郁闭度、乔木高度呈显著正相关，纤维巢和郁闭度、乔木高度呈显著负相关；乔木胸径、距步道距离对部分鸟巢特征存在显著影响。本研究明确了城市公园不同生境鸟巢的分布规律与筑巢选择特征，可为乐山绿心公园鸟类栖息地保护、林分结构优化及生物多样性管护提供基础数据支撑。

Abstract: Taking three types of habitats including arbor green belts, broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests in Leshan Green Heart Park as research objects, this study conducted field surveys on bird nests via the quadrat survey method and analyzed the characteristics of nest height, quantity distribution, nest structure and nesting materials in different habitats. The results indicated that nest height and the number of nests per quadrat differed significantly among habitats; the nest height in broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests was obviously higher than that in arbor green belts, while arbor green belts had a far greater number of nests per quadrat. A total of 88 bird nests were recorded in the study area, which were classified into three types namely spherical nests, cup-shaped nests and flat plate nests, and their nesting materials were divided into woody and fibrous materials. The composition of nest types varied greatly across habitats: spherical nests (57.14%) and cup-shaped nests (42.86%) were dominant in arbor green belts, while flat plate nests prevailed in broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests, accounting for 59.09% and 45.83% respectively. Distinct differences also existed in nesting materials: only fibrous nests were found in arbor green belts, whereas woody nests dominated in broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests with the proportions of 86.36% and 91.67%, and fibrous nests occupied a relatively low proportion. Nest height was significantly positively correlated with canopy density, tree height and distance to trails. The total number of nests and the quantity of spherical nests per quadrat showed a significant negative correlation with canopy density and tree height. Flat plate nests and woody nests were significantly positively correlated with canopy density and tree height, while fibrous nests presented a significant negative correlation with the two factors. Tree diameter at breast height and distance to trails also had remarkable influences on part of the nesting characteristics. This study clarified the distribution rules and nesting selection characteristics of bird nests in different habitats of urban parks, and can provide basic data for bird habitat protection, stand structure optimization and biodiversity management in Leshan Green Heart Park.