马克思“现实的人”思想演进与内涵研究

A Study on the Evolution and Connotation of Marx’s Thought of “Real Individuals”

摘要: 关于“人”的问题是哲学的重要议题之一，在马克思之前，哲学家对人做的都是孤立的研究，马克思则将人性拉回到具体的现实的人之中。马克思的研究一共经历了三个时期，先后完成了对黑格尔哲学与费尔巴哈哲学的批判与超越，揭露了人的本质。人首先依赖于其肉体而存在并且通过实践向自然获取物质资料以满足自己的需要，人的对象化活动生产出了包括自己、社会、历史等在内的一切。每一代人都凭借实践而生存发展，并且其实践是在前人的基础上进行的，不能脱离一定的生产力水平，代际传承的实践就形成了人类历史。“现实的人”思想是马克思主义的逻辑基础，完成了将哲学从纯粹思辨到思辨与实践统一的哲学转向，并作为无产阶级的科学理论指导着全世界无产者为人的解放而不懈奋斗。

Abstract: The question of the human being is one of the important issues in philosophy. Before Marx, philosophers conducted isolated studies of human beings, whereas Marx brought human nature back to concrete, real individuals. Marx’s research underwent three periods, in which he successively accomplished the critique and transcendence of Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s philosophies, thereby revealing the essence of human beings. Human beings first exist by virtue of their physical bodies and, through practice, obtain material means from nature to satisfy their needs. Their objectifying activity produces everything, including themselves, society, and history. Each generation survives and develops through practice, and its practice is carried out on the basis of previous generations, inseparable from a certain level of productive forces. The intergenerational transmission of practice constitutes human history. The thought of “real individuals” is the logical foundation of Marxism. It accomplished a philosophical revolution that turned philosophy from pure speculation into the unity of speculation and practice. As a scientific theory of the proletariat, it guides proletarians worldwide in their unremitting struggle for the emancipation of all humanity.