伯克特对马克思“两类环境危机”思想的阐释

Burkett’s Interpretation of Marx’s “Two Types of Environmental Crisis” Thought

摘要: 保罗·伯克特是北美生态学马克思主义的重要代表人物，其从政治经济学角度发掘了马克思思想的生态内涵。在《马克思与自然——一个红与绿的视角》一书中，伯克特系统阐述了马克思关于资本主义的两类环境危机思想。一是资本积累危机，源于资本无限增殖与自然有限供给之间的结构性失衡；二是人类社会发展危机，表现为城乡对立导致的物质代谢断裂。两类危机相互重叠、彼此强化。其根源在于资本主义基本矛盾、价值形式的质的单一性以及对自然的无偿占有。伯克特指出，为利润而非为需要生产，必然带来资本积累危机与人类社会发展危机，从而揭示了资本逻辑与生态可持续之间的根本对立。

Abstract: Paul Burkett is an important representative of ecological Marxism in North America. He explores the ecological connotation of Marx’s thought from the perspective of political economy. In the book “Marx and Nature—A Red and Green Perspective”, Burkett systematically expounded Marx’s two types of environmental crisis thoughts on capitalism. One is the crisis of capital accumulation, which stems from the structural imbalance between the unlimited proliferation of capital and the limited supply of nature. The second is the crisis of human social development, which is manifested as the fracture of material metabolism caused by urban-rural opposition. The two types of crises overlap and strengthen each other, which are rooted in the basic contradiction of capitalism, the qualitative unity of the value form and the free possession of nature. Burkett pointed out that production for profit rather than for need will inevitably bring about the crisis of capital accumulation and the crisis of human social development, thus revealing the fundamental opposition between capital logic and ecological sustainability.