柏拉图与亚里士多德德性观比较

A Comparison of Plato’s and Aristotle’s Conceptions of Virtue

摘要: 本文旨在比较柏拉图与亚里士多德的德性观，澄清二者在德性根据、灵魂结构、实践生成和幸福理解上的差异。文章以《理想国》和《尼各马可伦理学》为主要文本，采用文本分析与比较研究方法。柏拉图从善的理念、灵魂秩序和城邦正义出发理解德性，强调理性领导下的整体和谐；亚里士多德则从人的功能、习惯养成和实践智慧出发理解德性，强调德性在具体行动中的形成。二者并非简单的理想主义与现实主义对立，而是古希腊德性伦理传统中的两种不同路径：前者凸显德性的最高根据，后者凸显德性的实践生成。

Abstract: This paper aims to compare Plato’s and Aristotle’s conceptions of virtue, clarifying their differences regarding the foundation of virtue, soul structure, practical development, and understanding of happiness. Drawing primarily on The Republic and Nicomachean Ethics, the study employs textual analysis and comparative methodology. Plato understands virtue in terms of the Form of the Good, soul harmony, and civic justice, emphasizing holistic harmony under rational leadership; Aristotle, by contrast, approaches virtue through human function, habituation, and practical wisdom, highlighting its formation through concrete actions. Rather than representing a simple opposition between idealism and realism, the two perspectives represent distinct paths within the ancient Greek tradition of virtue ethics: the former emphasizes the ultimate grounding of virtue, while the latter focuses on its practical development.